@article{
abell00a,
   Author = {Abell, J. and Emerson, S. and Renaud, P.},
   Title = {Distributions of {TOP}, {TON} and {TOC} in the North {Pacific} subtropical gyre:  {I}mplications for nutrient supply in the surface ocean and remineralization in the upper thermocline},
   Journal = {Journal of Marine Research},
   Volume = {58},
   Pages = {203--222},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
achard04a,
   Author = {Achard, F. and Eva, H.  {D}. and Mayaux, P. and Stibig, H.  {J}. and Belward, A.},
   Title = {Improved estimates of net carbon emissions from land cover change in the tropics for the 1990s},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {2},
   Doi = {10.1029/2003GB002142},
 Year = {2004} }



@article{
ackerman00a,
   Author = {Ackerman, A.  {S}. and Toon, O.  {B}. and Stevens, D.  {E}. and Heymsfield, A.  {J}. and Ramanathan, V. and Welton, E.  {J}.},
   Title = {Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {288},
   Number = {5468},
   Pages = {1042--1047},
 Year = {2000} }



@incollection{
ackerman91a,
   Author = {Ackerman, Thomas P.},
   Title = {A tutorial on global atmospheric energetics and the greenhouse effect},
   BookTitle = {Global Warming:  {P}hysics and Facts},
   Publisher = {{Americ}an Institute of Physics},
   Address = {Washington, D.  {C}.},
 Year = {1991} }




@article{
ackerman93a,
   Author = {Ackerman, Andrew S. and Toon, Owen B. and Hobbs, Peter V.},
   Title = {Dissipation of marine stratiform clouds and collapse of the marine boundary layer due to the depletion of cloud condensation nuclei by clouds},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {262},
   Number = {5131},
   Pages = {226--229},
 Year = {1993} }



@article{
ackerman94a,
   Author = {Ackerman, Andrew S. and Toon, Owen B. and Hobbs, Peter V.},
   Title = {Reassessing the dependence of cloud condensation nucleus concentration on formation rate},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {367},
   Number = {6462},
   Pages = {445--447},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
adams95a,
   Author = {Adams, Richard M. and Bryant, Kelly J. and McCarl, Bruce A. and Legler, David M. and O'Brien, James J. and Solow, Andrew and Weiher, Rodney},
   Title = {Value of improved long-range weather information},
   Journal = {Contemporary Economic Policy},
   Volume = {13},
   Pages = {10-19},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
agawin00a,
   Author = {Agawin, N.  {S}.  {R}. and Duarte, C.  {M}. and Agusti, S.},
   Title = {Nutrient and temperature control of the contribution of picoplankton to phytoplankton biomass and production},
   Journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
   Volume = {43},
   Pages = {591--600},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
agnon89a,
   Author = {Agnon, Yehuda and Malanotte-Rizzoli, Paola and Cornuelle, Bruce D. and Spiesberger, John L. and Spindel, Robert L.},
   Title = {The 1984 bottom-mounted Gulf Stream tomographic experiment},
   Journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of {Americ}a},
   Volume = {85},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1958--1966},
 Year = {1989} }



@article{
akaike74a,
   Author = {Akaike, H.},
   Title = {A new look at the statistical model identification},
   Journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Automatic Control},
   Volume = {{AC}-19},
   Pages = {716-723},
 Year = {1974} }



@article{
albrecht89a,
   Author = {Albrecht, Bruce A.},
   Title = {Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {245},
   Number = {4923},
   Pages = {1227--1230},
 Year = {1989} }



@article{
allen96a,
   Author = {Allen, Myles R. and Smith, Leonard A.},
   Title = {Monte Carlo {SSA}:  {D}etecting irregular oscillations in the presence of colored noise},
   Journal = {Journal of Climate},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {3373-3403},
 Year = {1996} }



@article{
allen97a,
   Author = {Allen, Myles R. and Smith, Leonard A.},
   Title = {Optimal filtering in singular spectrum analysis},
   Journal = {Physics Letters A},
   Volume = {234},
   Pages = {419-428},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
allen99a,
   Author = {Allen, Myles R. and Tett, S.  {F}.  {B}.},
   Title = {Checking for model consistency in optimal fingerprinting},
   Journal = {Climate Dynamics},
   Volume = {15},
   Pages = {419--434},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
alstrom87a,
   Author = {Alstr{\"o}m, Preben and Ritala, Risto K.},
   Title = {Mode-locking in an infinite set of coupled circle maps},
   Journal = {Physical Review A},
   Volume = {35},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {300-312},
 Year = {1987} }



@article{
amiotte-suchet95a,
   Author = {Amiotte-Suchet, P. and Probst, J.-L.},
   Title = {A global model for present day atmospheric/soil {{CO}}$_2$ consumption by chemical erosion of continental rocks ({GEM}-{{CO}}$_2$)},
   Journal = {Tellus},
   Volume = {47B},
   Pages = {273-280},
 Year = {1995} }



@book{
anderberg73a,
   Author = {Anderberg, Michael R.},
   Title = {Cluster Analysis For Applications},
   Publisher = {Academic},
 Year = {1973} }




@article{
anderson79a,
   Author = {Anderson, David L.  {T}. and Killworth, Peter D.},
   Title = {Non-linear propagation of long Rossby waves},
   Journal = {Deep-Sea Research},
   Volume = {26A},
   Pages = {1033-1050},
 Year = {1979} }



@article{
anderson94a,
   Author = {Anderson, Laurence A. and Sarmiento, Jorge L.},
   Title = {Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {65--80},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
anderson94b,
   Author = {Anderson, L.  {A}. and Sarmiento, J.  {L}.},
   Title = {Redfield Ratios of Remineralization Determined by Nutrient Data-Analysis},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {8},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {65-80},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
anderson95a,
   Author = {Anderson, L.  {A}. and Sarmiento, J.  {L}.},
   Title = {Global Ocean Phosphate and Oxygen Simulations},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {621-636},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
andres96a,
   Author = {Andres, R.  {J}. and Marland, G. and Fung, I. and Matthews, E.},
   Title = {A 1 degrees x1 degrees distribution of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement manufacture, 1950-1990},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {10},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {419-429},
   Note = {Times Cited: 61
Article
English
Cited References Count: 22
Vd604},
   Abstract = {One degree latitude by one degree longitude (1 degrees x 1 degrees) data sets of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement manufacture were produced for 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990.  {N}ational estimates of carbon emissions were combined with 1 degrees x 1 degrees data sets of political units and human population density to create the new 1 degrees x 1 degrees carbon emissions data sets.  {T}he human population density data set has an effective resolution of the country/state level.  {T}his resolution translates to the 1 degrees x 1 degrees carbon emissions data set.  {L}atitudinal distribution of emissions have also been calculated.  {T}he data show continual growth with time over most of the world, with increased growth rates in major urban areas.  {A} slow southerly shift in the bulk of the emissions is apparent as {Asia}n countries increase their energy consumption to support their growing economies and populations.  {T}he digital data sets are available by anonymous ftp.},
 Keywords = {{{CO}}$_2$},
   Year = {1996} }



@article{
andres99a,
   Author = {Andres, R.  {J}. and Fielding, D.  {J}. and Marland, G. and Boden, T.  {A}. and Kumar, N. and Kearney, A.  {T}.},
   Title = {Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel use, 1751-1950},
   Journal = {Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
   Volume = {51},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {759-765},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
andrews78a,
   Author = {Andrews, D.  {G}. and McIntyre, M.  {E}.},
   Title = {An exact theory of nonlinear waves on a Lagrangian-mean flow},
   Journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
   Volume = {89},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {609-646},
 Year = {1978} }



@article{
andrews78b,
   Author = {Andrews, D.  {G}. and McIntyre, M.  {E}.},
   Title = {On wave-action and its relatives},
   Journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics},
   Volume = {89},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {647-664},
 Year = {1978} }



@article{
antonov93a,
   Author = {Antonov, John I.},
   Title = {Linear trends of temperature at intermediate and deep layers of the North {Atlantic} and the North {Pacific} oceans: 1957-1981},
   Journal = {Journal of Climate},
   Volume = {6},
   Pages = {1928-1942},
 Year = {1993} }



@article{
arbic01a,
   Author = {Arbic, Brian K. and Owens, W.  {B}rechner},
   Title = {Climatic warming of {Atlantic} intermediate waters},
   Journal = {Journal of Climate},
   Volume = {14},
   Pages = {4091--4108},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
archer00a,
   Author = {Archer, D.  {E}. and Johnson, K.  {S}.},
   Title = {A model of the iron cycle in the ocean},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {14},
   Pages = {269--280},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
archer98a,
   Author = {Archer, D. and Kheshgi, H. and Maier-Reimer, E.},
   Title = {Dynamics of fossil fuel {{CO}}$_2$ neutralization by marine Ca{CO}3},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {259-276},
   Abstract = {A detailed model of the ocean circulation and carbon cycle was coupled to a mechanistic model of Ca{CO}3 diagenesis in deep sea sediments to simulate the millennium-scale response of the oceans to future fossil fuel {{CO}}$_2$ emissions to the atmosphere and deep sea.  {S}imulations of deep sea injection of {{CO}}$_2$ show that Ca{CO}3 dissolution is sensitive to passage of high-{{CO}}$_2$ waters through the {Atlantic} Ocean, but Ca{CO}3 dissolution has a negligible impact on atmospheric p{CO}(2) or the atmospheric stabilization {{CO}}$_2$ emission in the coming centuries.  {T}he ultimate fate of the fossil fuel {{CO}}$_2$ will be to react with Ca{CO}3 on the seafloor and on land.  {A}n initial Ca{CO}3 dissolution spike reverses the net sedimentation rate in the ocean until it is attenuated by an enhanced vertical gradient of alkalinity after about 1000 years.  {T}he magnitude of the initial spike is sensitive to assumptions about the kinetics for Ca{CO}3 dissolution, but subsequent behavior appears to be less model dependent.  {N}eutralization by seafloor Ca{CO}3 occurs on a timescale of 5-6 kyr, and is limited to at most 60-70% of the fossil fuel release, even if the fossil fuel release is smaller than the seafloor erodible inventory of Ca{CO}3.  {A}dditional neutralization by terrestrial Ca{CO}3 restores a balance between Ca{CO}3 weathering and seafloor accumulation on a timescale of 8.5 kyr, while the deficit of seafloor Ca{CO}3 (the lysocline) is replenished with an e-folding timescale of approximately 18 kyr.  {T}he final equilibrium with Ca{CO}3 leaves 7-8% of the fossil fuel {{CO}}$_2$ remaining in the atmosphere, to be neutralized by the silicate rock cycle on a time frame of hundreds of thousands of years.},
 Keywords = {atmospheric carbon-dioxide
general-circulation model
deep-sea sediments
calcium-carbonate
organic-carbon
ocean
dissolution
stabilization
accumulation
lysocline},
   Year = {1998} }



@article{
aref83a,
   Author = {Aref, Hassan},
   Title = {Integrable, chaotic, and turbulent vortex motion in two-dimensional flows},
   Journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
   Volume = {15},
   Pages = {345-389},
 Year = {1983} }



@article{
argoul87a,
   Author = {Argoul, F. and Arn{\'e}odo, A. and Richetti, P.},
   Title = {Experimental evidence for homoclinic chaos in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii reaction},
   Journal = {Physics Letters A},
   Volume = {120},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {269-275},
 Year = {1987} }



@article{
armstrong94a,
   Author = {Armstrong, R.  {A}.},
   Title = {Grazing limitation and nutrient limitation in marine ecosystems:  {S}teady state solutions of an ecosystem model with multiple food chains},
   Journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {597--608},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
arneodo82a,
   Author = {Arn{\'e}odo, A. and Coullet, P. and Spiegel, E.  {A}.},
   Title = {Chaos in a finite macroscopic system.},
   Journal = {Physics Letters A},
   Volume = {92},
   Pages = {369},
 Year = {1982} }



@article{
arneodo82b,
   Author = {Arn{\'e}odo, A. and Coullet, P. and Tresser, C.},
   Title = {Oscillators with chaotic behavior.  {A}n illustration of a theorem by Shilnikov.},
   Journal = {Journal of Statistical Physics},
   Volume = {27},
   Pages = {171--182},
 Year = {1982} }



@article{
arneodo83a,
   Author = {Arn{\'e}odo, A. and Coullet, P. and Spiegel, E.  {A}.},
   Title = {Cascade of period-doublings of tori},
   Journal = {Physics Letters A},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-6},
 Year = {1983} }



@incollection{
arneodo84a,
   Author = {Arn{\'e}odo, A. and Coullet, P.  {H}. and Spiegel, E.  {A}.},
   Title = {Turbulence And Chaotic Phenomena In Fluids},
   Publisher = {Elsevier},
   Address = {North-Holland},
 Year = {1984} }




@article{
arneodo85a,
   Author = {Arn{\'e}odo, A. and Coullet, P.  {H}. and Spiegel, E.  {A}. and Tresser, C.},
   Title = {Asymptotic chaos},
   Journal = {Physica D},
   Volume = {14},
   Pages = {327--347},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
arneodo85b,
   Author = {Arn{\'e}odo, A. and Thual, O.},
   Title = {Direct numerical simulations of a triple convection problem versus normal from predictions},
   Journal = {Physics Letters A},
   Volume = {108},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {367-373},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
atoc98a,
   Author = {Consortium, {ATOC}},
   Title = {Ocean climate change:  {C}omparison of acoustic tomography, satellite altimetry and modeling},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {281},
   Pages = {1327-1332},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
auad98a,
   Author = {Auad, Guillermo and Miller, Arthur J. and White, Warren B.},
   Title = {Simulation of heat storages and associated heat budgets in the {Pacific} Ocean 1.  {E}l Ni{\~n}o-southern oscillation timescale},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {103},
   Number = {C12},
   Pages = {27603-27620},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
auad98b,
   Author = {Auad, Guillermo and Miller, Arthur J. and White, Warren B.},
   Title = {Simulation of heat storages and associated heat budgets in the {Pacific} Ocean 2.  {I}nterdecadal timescale},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {103},
   Number = {C12},
   Pages = {27621-27635},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
aumont01a,
   Author = {Aumont, O. and Orr, J.  {C}. and Monfray, P. and Ludwig, W. and Amiotte-Suchet, P. and Probst, J.  {L}.},
   Title = {Riverine-driven interhemispheric transport of carbon},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {393-405},
   Abstract = {Controversy surrounds the role of the ocean in interhemispheric transport of carbon.  {O}n one hand, observations in the atmosphere and in the ocean both seem to imply that the preindustrial ocean transported up to 1 Pg C yr(-1) from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere.  {O}n the other hand, three dimensional (3-D) ocean models suggest that global interhemispheric transport of carbon is near zero.  {H}owever, in this debate, there has been a general neglect of the river carbon loop.  {T}he river carbon loop includes (1) uptake of atmospheric carbon due to inorganic and organic erosion on land, (2) transport of carbon by rivers, (3) subsequent transport of riverine carbon by the ocean, and (4) loss of riverine carbon back to the atmosphere by air-sea gas exchange.  {A}lthough carbon fluxes from rivers are small compared to natural fluxes, they have the potential to contribute substantially to the net air-sea fluxes of {{CO}}$_2$.  {F}or insight into this dilemma, we coupled carbon fluxes from a global model of continental erosion to a 3-D global carbon-cycle model of the ocean.  {W}ith rivers, total southward interhemispheric transport by the ocean increases from 0.1 to 0.35 +/-0.08 Pg Cyr(-1), in agreement with oceanographic observations.  {R}esulting air-sea fluxes of riverine carbon and uptake of {{CO}}$_2$ by land erosion were installed as boundary conditions in a 3-D atmospheric model.  {T}he assymetry in these fluxes drives a preindustrial atmospheric gradient of {{CO}}$_2$ at the surface of -0.6 +/-0.1 mu atm for the North Pole minus the South Pole and longitudinal variations that exceed 0.5 mu atm.  {C}onversely, the gradient for Mauna Loa minus South Pole is only -0.2 +/-0.1 mu atm, much less than the -0.8 mu atm gradient extrapolated linearly from historical atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ measurements from the same two sites.  {T}he difference may be explained by the role of the terrestrial biosphere.  {R}egardless, the river loop produces large gradients both meridionally and zonally.  {A}ccounting for the river carbon loop changes current estimates of the regional distribution of sources and sinks of {{CO}}$_2$, particularly concerning partitioning between natural and anthropogenic processes.},
 Keywords = {general-circulation model
atmospheric carbon
{Atlantic}-ocean
organic-carbon
dioxide data
{{CO}}$_2$
exchange
sediment
budget
cycle},
   Year = {2001} }



@article{
aumont99a,
   Author = {Aumont, O. and Orr, J.  {C}. and Monfray, P. and Madec, G. and Maier-Reimer, E.},
   Title = {Nutrient trapping in the equatorial {Pacific}:  {T}he ocean circulation solution},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {351-369},
   Note = {Times Cited: 26
Article
English
Cited References Count: 69
213gq},
   Abstract = {Nutrient trapping is a chronic problem found in global carbon cycle models with particle-only remineralization schemes.  {I}t is defined as the excess of subsurface nutrient concentrations relative to observations and occurs principally in the eastern equatorial {Pacific}.  {P}revious studies reduced excess simulated nutrients by increasing the complexity of modeled biogeochemistry, i.e., by adding pools for nutrients (and carbon) either in dissolved organic form or as plankton.  {C}onversely, our study suggests that deficiencies in modeled circulation fields from global coarse-resolution ocean models are mostly responsible.  {T}his new interpretation stems from our use of an ocean general circulation model with higher resolution, which offers a more realistic equatorial circulation.  {W}e used the same biogeochemical model Hamburg ocean carbon cycle model, version 3, as in some of the previous studies.  {O}ur model-predicted distribution of {PO}43- in the equatorial {Pacific} agrees reasonably well with the observations both at the surface and in the subsurface.  {S}ubsurface {PO}43- concentrations in our model's eastern equatorial {Pacific} exceed observations by, at most, 15%, unlike coarser-resolution models.  {I}mprovement is due to enhanced meridional resolution (0.5 degrees) near the equator, which allows the model to simulate a vigorous equatorial undercurrent that brings in low-nutrient water from the western basin.  {F}urthermore, the model upwells no nutrient-rich abyssal water into the surface equatorial {Pacific}.  {O}ur results suggest that dissolved organic carbon plays a minor role in the carbon budget of the equatorial {Pacific}.},
 Keywords = {particulate organic-matter
catalytic-oxidation method
global ocean
surface waters
carbon-cycle
advection scheme
steady-state
world ocean
el-nino
model},
   Year = {1999} }



@article{
ayers91a,
   Author = {Ayers, G.  {P}. and Gras, J.  {L}},
   Title = {Seasonal relationship between cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol methansulphonate in marine air},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {353},
   Pages = {834-835},
 Year = {1991} }



@article{
babin96a,
   Author = {Babin, Steven M.},
   Title = {Surface duct height distributions for Wallops Island, Virginia, 1985-1994},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
   Volume = {35},
   Pages = {86-93},
 Year = {1996} }



@article{
backus70a,
   Author = {Backus, George},
   Title = {Inference from inadequate and inaccurate data, {II}},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of {Americ}a},
   Volume = {65},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {281--287},
 Year = {1970} }



@article{
bacon82a,
   Author = {Bacon, M.  {P}. and Anderson, R.  {F}.},
   Title = {Distributions of thorium isotopes between dissolved and particulate forms in the deep sea},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {87},
   Pages = {2045--2056},
 Year = {1982} }



@article{
baggeroer92a,
   Author = {Baggeroer, Arthur and Munk, Walter},
   Title = {The Heard Island feasibility test},
   Journal = {Physics Today},
   Pages = {22-30},
 Year = {1992} }



@phdthesis{
baker01a,
   Author = {Baker, David F.},
   Title = {Sources and sinks of atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ estimated from batch least-squares inversions of {{CO}}$_2$ concentration measurements},
   School = {Princeton University},
 Year = {2001} }




@article{
baker93a,
   Author = {Baker, M.  {B}.},
   Title = {Variability in concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine cloud-topped boundary layer},
   Journal = {Tellus},
   Volume = {45B},
   Pages = {458-472},
 Year = {1993} }



@article{
balmforth95a,
   Author = {Balmforth, N.  {J}. and Spiegel, E.  {A}. and Tresser, C.},
   Title = {Checkerboard maps},
   Journal = {Chaos},
   Volume = {5},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {216--226},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
balmforth95b,
   Author = {Balmforth, N.  {J}.},
   Title = {Solitary waves and homoclinic orbits},
   Journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics},
   Volume = {27},
   Pages = {335--373},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
balmforth97a,
   Author = {Balmforth, N.  {J}. and Craster, R.  {V}.},
   Title = {Synchronizing Moore and Spiegel},
   Journal = {Chaos},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {738-752},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
balmforth97b,
   Author = {Balmforth, N. and Tresser, C. and Worfolk, P. and Wu, Ch.  {W}.},
   Title = {Master-slave synchronization and the Lorenz equations},
   Journal = {Chaos},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {392--394},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
balmforth99a,
   Author = {Balmforth, N.  {J}. and Provenzale, A. and Spiegel, E.  {A}. and Martens, M. and Tresser, C. and Wa, Wu Chai},
   Title = {Red spectra from white and blue noise},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B},
   Volume = {266},
   Pages = {311-314},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
balmforth99b,
   Author = {Balmforth, Neil J. and Jacobson, Andrew R. and Provenzale, Antonello},
   Title = {Synchronized family dynamics in globally coupled maps},
   Journal = {Chaos},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {738--754},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
balmforth99c,
   Author = {Balmforth, N.  {J}. and Jacobson, A. and Provenzale, A.},
   Title = {Synchronized family dynamics in globally coupled maps},
   Journal = {Chaos},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {738-754},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
balmforth99d,
   Author = {Balmforth, N.  {J}. and Provenzale, A. and Spiegel, E.  {A}. and Martens, M. and Tresser, C. and Wu, C.  {W}.},
   Title = {Red spectra from white and blue noise},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences},
   Volume = {266},
   Number = {1416},
   Pages = {311-314},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
banfield93a,
   Author = {Banfield, Jeffrey D. and Raftery, Adrian E.},
   Title = {Model-based Gaussian and non-Gaussian clustering},
   Journal = {Biometrics},
   Volume = {49},
   Pages = {803--821},
 Year = {1993} }



@article{
bannon95a,
   Author = {Bannon, Peter R.},
   Title = {Potential vorticity conservation, hydrostatic adjustment, and the anelastic approximation},
   Journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
   Volume = {52},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2303-2312},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
bannon95b,
   Author = {Bannon, Peter R.},
   Title = {Hydrostatic adjustment:  {L}amb's problem},
   Journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
   Volume = {52},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {1743-1752},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
banse94a,
   Author = {Banse, Karl},
   Title = {Grazing and zooplankton production as key controls of phytoplankton production in the open ocean},
   Journal = {Oceanography},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {13--19},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
banse94b,
   Author = {Banse, K. and English, D.  {C}.},
   Title = {Seasonality of coastal zone color scanner phytoplankton pigment in the offshore oceans},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {C4},
   Pages = {7323--7345},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
banse95a,
   Author = {Banse, Karl},
   Title = {Zooplankton:  {P}ivotal role in the control of ocean production},
   Journal = {{ICES} Journal of Marine Science},
   Volume = {52},
   Pages = {265--277},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
bar02a,
   Author = {Bar, M. and Hardenberg, J. von and Meron, E. and Provenzale, A.},
   Title = {Modelling the survival of bacteria in drylands: the advantage of being dormant},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B},
   Volume = {269},
   Pages = {937--942},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
barber86a,
   Author = {Barber, Richard T. and Chvez, Francisco P.},
   Title = {Ocean variability in relation to living resources during the 1982-83 El Ni{\~n}o},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {319},
   Pages = {279-285},
 Year = {1986} }



@book{
bard74a,
   Author = {Bard, Yonathan},
   Title = {Nonlinear Parameter Estimation},
   Publisher = {Academic Press},
 Year = {1974} }




@article{
baringer99a,
   Author = {Baringer, M.  {O}. and Price, J.  {F}.},
   Title = {A review of the physical oceanography of the Mediterranean outflow},
   Journal = {Marine Geology},
   Volume = {155},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {63-82},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
barnett01a,
   Author = {Barnett, T.  {P}. and Pierece, D.  {W}. and Schnur, R.},
   Title = {Detection of anthropogenic climate change in the world's oceans},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {292},
   Pages = {270--274},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
barnett81a,
   Author = {Barnett, T.  {P}.},
   Title = {On the nature and causes of large-scale thermal variability in the central North {Pacific} ocean},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {111},
   Pages = {887-904},
 Year = {1981} }



@article{
barnett83a,
   Author = {Barnett, T.  {P}.},
   Title = {Interaction of the monsoon and {Pacific} trade wind system at interannual time scales.  {P}art I:  {T}he equatorial zone},
   Journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
   Volume = {111},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {756-773},
 Year = {1983} }



@article{
barrios92a,
   Author = {Barrios, Amalia E.},
   Title = {Parabolic equation modeling in horizontally inhomogeneous environments},
   Journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Antennas and Propagation},
   Volume = {40},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {791-797},
 Year = {1992} }



@incollection{
bassano90a,
   Author = {Bassano, B. and Nicolino, M. and Peracino, V.},
   Title = {Displacements of marked Alpine ibex in a study area of the Gran Paradiso National Park},
   BookTitle = {Proc. 1st World Conference on Mountain Ungulates},
   Editor = {Lovari, S.},
   Address = {Camerino, Italy},
 Year = {1990} }




@incollection{
bassano92a,
   Author = {Bassano, B. and Durio, P. and Peracino, V.},
   Title = {Population dynamics of Alpine ibex ( Capra ibex ibex) in the Gran Paradiso National Park},
   BookTitle = {Actas del Congresso Internacional del G{\'e}nero Capra en {Europ}a},
   Address = {Spain},
 Year = {1992} }




@article{
bassano98a,
   Author = {Bassano, B. and Mussa, P.  {P}},
   Title = {Le syndrome de sous-nutrition chez les ruminantes sauvages:  {U}ne synth\`ese bibliographique},
   Journal = {Gibier Faune Sauvage (Game Wildlife)},
   Volume = {15},
   Pages = {189-209},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
bates02a,
   Author = {Bates, N.  {R}. and Pequignet, A.  {C}. and Johnson, R.  {J}. and Gruber, N.},
   Title = {A short-term sink for atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ in subtropical mode water of the North {Atlantic} Ocean},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {420},
   Number = {6915},
   Pages = {489-493},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
bates87a,
   Author = {Bates, Timothy S. and Charlson, Robert J. and Gammon, Richard H.},
   Title = {Evidence for the climatic role of marine biogenic sulphur},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {329},
   Pages = {319-321},
 Year = {1987} }



@techreport{
bathen70a,
   Author = {Bathen, Karl H.},
   Title = {Seasonal changes in the heat storage and depth of the mixed layer in the North {Pacific} ocean},
   Institution = {Hawaii Institute of Geophysics},
   Number = {{HIG}-70-17},
   Month= {1970},
 Year = {1970} }




@article{
battle00a,
   Author = {Battle, M. and Bender, M.  {L}. and Tans, P.  {P}. and White, J.  {W}.  {C}. and Ellis, J.  {T}. and Conway, T. and Francey, R.  {J}.},
   Title = {Global carbon sinks and their variability inferred from atmospheric {O}$_2$ and $\delta^{13}\text{C}$},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {287},
   Pages = {2467--2470},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
bauman82a,
   Author = {Bauman, E.  {V}. and Dorofeyuk, A.  {A}.},
   Title = {Recrusive automatic classification algorithms},
   Journal = {Automation and Remote Control},
   Volume = {43},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {345--355},
 Year = {1982} }



@article{
beal00a,
   Author = {Beal, L.  {M}. and Ffield, A. and Gordon, A.  {L}.},
   Title = {Spreading of red sea overflow waters in the {Indian} ocean},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
   Volume = {105},
   Number = {C4},
   Pages = {8549-8564},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
beer90a,
   Author = {Beer, T. and Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {Fire Spread and Percolation Modeling},
   Journal = {Mathematical and Computer Modelling},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {11},
   Pages = {77-96},
 Year = {1990} }



@article{
beer91a,
   Author = {Beer, T. and Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {Fractals, Lattice Models, and Environmental Systems},
   Journal = {Environment International},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {519-533},
 Year = {1991} }



@article{
behra90a,
   Author = {Behra, P. and Sigg, L.},
   Title = {Evidence for redox cycling of iron in atmospheric water droplets},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {344},
   Pages = {419--421},
 Year = {1990} }



@article{
behrenfeld02a,
   Author = {Behrenfeld, M.  {J}. and Maranon, E. and Siegel, D.  {A}. and Hooker, S.  {B}.},
   Title = {Photoacclimation and nutrient-based model of light-saturated photosynthesis for quantifying oceanic primary production},
   Journal = {Marine Ecology-Progress Series},
   Volume = {228},
   Pages = {103-117},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
behrenfeld05a,
   Author = {Behrenfeld, M.  {J}. and Boss, E. and Siegel, D.  {A}. and Shea, D.  {M}.},
   Title = {Carbon-based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {1},
 Year = {2005} }



@article{
behrenfeld97a,
   Author = {Behrenfeld, M.  {J}. and Falkowski, P.  {G}.},
   Title = {Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration},
   Journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
   Volume = {42},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1--20},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
behrenfeld97b,
   Author = {Behrenfeld, M.  {J}. and Falkowski, P.  {G}.},
   Title = {A consumer's guide to phytoplankton primary productivity models},
   Journal = {Limnology and Oceanography},
   Volume = {42},
   Number = {7},
   Pages = {1479--1491},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
behringer81a,
   Author = {Behringer, David W. and Stommel, Henry},
   Title = {Annual heat gain of the tropical {Atlantic} computed from subsurface ocean data},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {11},
   Pages = {1393-1398},
 Year = {1981} }



@article{
behringer82a,
   Author = {Behringer, D. and Birdsall, T. and Brown, M. and Cornuelle, B. and Heinmiller, R. and Knox, R. and Metzger, K. and Munk, W. and Spiesberger, J. and Spindel, R. and Webb, D. and Worcester, P. and Wunsch, C.},
   Title = {A demonstration of ocean acoustic tomography},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {299},
   Pages = {121-125},
 Year = {1982} }



@book{
bengtsson81a,
   Title = {Dynamic Meteorology:  {D}ata Assimilation Methods},
   Publisher = {Springer-Verlag, 330 pp.},
   Address = {New York/Heidelberg/Berlin},
   Volume = {36},
 Year = {1981} }




@article{
bergen03a,
   Author = {Bergen, K.  {M}. and Conard, S.  {G}. and Houghton, R.  {A}. and Kasischke, E.  {S}. and Kharuk, V.  {I}. and Krankina, O.  {N}. and Ranson, K.  {J}. and Shugart, H.  {H}. and Sukhinin, A.  {I}. and Treyfeld, R.  {F}.},
   Title = {{NASA} and Russian scientists observe land-cover and land-use change and carbon in Russian forests},
   Journal = {Journal of Forestry},
   Volume = {101},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {34-41},
   Abstract = {In 1997, several project teams of the {NASA} Land-Cover Land-Use Change Program began working with Russian organizations to try to quantify and understand the past, present, and future land-cover and land-use trends in Russian boreal forests.  {S}elected results of completed and ongoing research projects are discussed in four categories: forest dynamics, fire and fire behavior, carbon budgets, and new remote sensing analysis methods.  {T}his research has helped pave the way for collaborations with international organizations and other networks, and collaborations at several scales are now making it possible for Russian and {US} scientists to work together to further our knowledge on the influence of land-cover and land-use change throughout the world.},
 Year = {2003} }



@article{
berner97a,
   Author = {Berner, R.  {A}.},
   Title = {The rise of plants and their effect on weathering and atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {276},
   Pages = {544-546},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
bernstein77a,
   Author = {Bernstein, Robert L. and White, Warren B.},
   Title = {Zonal variability in the distribution of eddy energy in the mid-latitude North {Pacific} ocean},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {7},
   Pages = {123-126},
 Year = {1977} }



@article{
berthelot02a,
   Author = {Berthelot, M. and Friedlingstein, P. and Ciais, P. and Monfray, P. and Dufresne, J.  {L}. and Le Treut, H. and Fairhead, L.},
   Title = {Global response of the terrestrial biosphere to {{CO}}$_2$ and climate change using a coupled climate-carbon cycle model},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {4},
   Doi = {10.1029/2001GB001827},
   Abstract = {[1] We study the response of the land biosphere to climate change by coupling a climate general circulation model to a global carbon cycle model.  {T}his coupled model was forced by observed {{CO}}$_2$ emissions for the 1860-1990 period and by the {IPCC} {SRES}-A2 emission scenario for the 1991-2100 period.  {D}uring the historical period, our simulated Net Primary Production ({NPP}) and net land uptake ({NEP}) are comparable to the observations in term of trend and variability.  {B}y the end of the 21st century, we show that the global {NEP} is reduced by 56% due to the climate change.  {I}n the tropics, increasing temperature, through an increase of evapotranspiration, acts to reduce the soil water content, which leads to a 80% reduction of net land {{CO}}$_2$ uptake.  {A}s a consequence, tropical carbon storage saturates by the end of the simulation, some regions becoming sources of {{CO}}$_2$.  {O}n the contrary, in northern high latitudes, increasing temperature stimulates the land biosphere by lengthening the growing season by about 18 days by 2100 which in turn leads to a {NEP} increase of 11%.  {O}verall, the negative climate impact in the tropics is much larger than the positive impact simulated in the extratropics, therefore, climate change reduce the global land carbon uptake.  {T}his constitutes a positive feedback in the climate-carbon cycle system.},
 Keywords = {climate change impact
terrestrial carbon cycle
general-circulation model
net primary production
atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$
nitrogen deposition
land-use
plant-growth
ecosystem
vegetation
northern
forests},
   Year = {2002} }



@article{
berube99a,
   Author = {B{\'e}rub{\'e}, C. and Festa-Bianchet, M. and Jorgenson, J.  {T}.},
   Title = {Individual differences, longevity, and reproductive senescence in bighorn ewes},
   Journal = {Ecology},
   Volume = {80},
   Pages = {2555-2565},
 Year = {1999} }



@book{
bierman77a,
   Author = {Bierman, Gerald J.},
   Title = {Factorization Methods for Discrete Sequential Estimation},
   Publisher = {Academic Press},
   Address = {Orlando},
   Volume = {128},
 Year = {1977} }




@article{
bierman77b,
   Author = {Bierman, Gerald J. and Thornton, C.  {L}.},
   Title = {Numerical comparisons of Kalman filter algorithms: orbit determination case study},
   Journal = {Automatica},
   Volume = {13},
   Pages = {23-35},
 Year = {1977} }



@article{
bindoff00a,
   Author = {Bindoff, N.  {L}. and McDougall, T.  {J}.},
   Title = {Decadal changes along an {Indian} ocean section at 32 degrees S and their interpretation},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {30},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1207-1222},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
bindoff94a,
   Author = {Bindoff, N.  {L}. and Mcdougall, T.  {J}.},
   Title = {Diagnosing Climate-Change and Ocean Ventilation Using Hydrographic Data},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1137-1152},
 Year = {1994} }



@incollection{
bloomfield97a,
   Author = {Bloomfield, Louis A.},
   Title = {How Things Work:  {T}he Physics Of Everyday Life},
   Publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
   Address = {New York},
   Pages = {182-193},
 Year = {1997} }




@article{
boehme98a,
   Author = {Boehme, S.  {E}. and Sabine, C.  {L}. and Reimers, C.  {E}.},
   Title = {{{CO}}$_2$ fluxes from a coastal transect: a time-series approach},
   Journal = {Marine Chemistry},
   Volume = {63},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {49-67},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
bofetta98a,
   Author = {Bofetta, G. and Crisanti, A. and Paparella, F. and Provenzale, A. and Vulpiani, A.},
   Title = {Slow and fast dynamics in coupled systems:  {A} time series analysis view},
   Journal = {Physica D},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
boffetta98a,
   Author = {Boffetta, G. and Crisanti, A. and Paparella, F. and Provenzale, A. and Vulpiani, A.},
   Title = {Slow and fast dynamics in coupled systems:  {A} time series analysis view},
   Journal = {Physica D},
   Volume = {116},
   Number = {3-4},
   Pages = {301-312},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
bohren87,
   Author = {Bohren, Craig F.},
   Title = {Multiple scattering of light and some of its observable consequences},
   Journal = {{Americ}an Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {55},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {524-532},
 Year = {1987} }



@article{
bohren92a,
   Author = {Bohren, Craig F.},
   Title = {On the absurdity and inadvisability of calling particles Mie scatterers},
   Journal = {Optics and Photonics News},
   Pages = {18-19},
 Year = {1992} }



@incollection{
bohren95a,
   Author = {Bohren, Craig F.},
   Title = {Encyclopedia of Applied Physics},
   Publisher = {{VCH} Publishers, Inc.},
   Volume = {12},
   Pages = {405-434},
 Year = {1995} }




@article{
bolin63a,
   Author = {Bolin, B. and Keeling, C.  {D}.},
   Title = {Large-Scale Atmospheric Mixing as Deduced from Seasonal and Meridional Variations of Carbon Dioxide},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {68},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {3899-3920},
 Year = {1963} }



@book{
bollen89a,
   Author = {Bollen, Kenneth A.},
   Title = {Structural Equations With Latent Variables},
   Publisher = {Wiley},
 Year = {1989} }




@article{
bopp01a,
   Author = {Bopp, L. and Monfray, P. and Aumont, O. and Dufresne, J.-L. and Treut, H.  {L}e and Madec, G. and Terray, L. and Orr, J.  {C}.},
   Title = {Potential impact of climate change on marine export production},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {81--99},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
bopp02a,
   Author = {Bopp, L. and {Le~Qu{\'e}r{\'e}}, C. and Heimann, M. and Manning, A.  {C}. and Monfray, P.},
   Title = {Climate-induced oxygen oceanic fluxes:  {I}mplications for the contemporary carbon budget},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Doi = {10.1029/2001GB001445},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
bousquet00a,
   Author = {Bousquet, Philippe and Peylin, Philippe and Ciais, Philippe and {Le~Qu{\'e}r{\'e}}, Corinne and Friedlingstein, Pierre and Tans, Pieter P.},
   Title = {Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {290},
   Pages = {1342--1346},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
bousquet99a,
   Author = {Bousquet, P. and Ciais, P. and Peylin, P. and Ramonet, M. and Monfray, P.},
   Title = {Inverse modeling of annual atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ sources and sinks 1.  {M}ethod and control inversion},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {D21},
   Pages = {26161-26178},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
bousquet99b,
   Author = {Bousquet, P. and Peylin, P. and Ciais, P. and Ramonet, M. and Monfray, P.},
   Title = {Inverse modeling of annual atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ sources and sinks 2.  {S}ensitivity study},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
   Volume = {104},
   Number = {D21},
   Pages = {26179-26193},
 Year = {1999} }



@techreport{
bowlin92a,
   Author = {Bowlin, James B. and Spiesberger, John L. and Duda, Timothy F. and Freitag, Lee F.},
   Title = {Ocean acoustical ray-tracing software {RAY}},
   Institution = {Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute},
   Number = {{WHOI}-93-10},
   Month= {1992},
 Year = {1992} }




@book{
box76a,
   Author = {Box, George E.  {P}. and Jenkins, Gwilym M.},
   Title = {Time Series Analysis:  {A}nalysis And Control},
   Publisher = {Holden-Day},
 Year = {1976} }




@article{
boyd00a,
   Author = {Boyd, P.  {W}.},
   Title = {A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {407},
   Number = {6805},
   Pages = {695--702},
 Year = {2000} }



@techreport{
boyer94a,
   Author = {Boyer, Timothy and Levitus, Sydney},
   Title = {Quality control and processing of historical oceanographic temperature, salinity, and oxygen data},
   Institution = {{NOAA}},
   Number = {{NESDIS} 81},
   Month= {August 1994},
 Year = {1994} }




@article{
bracco00a,
   Author = {Bracco, A. and Provenzale, A. and Scheuring, I.},
   Title = {Mesoscale vortices and the paradox of the plankton},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B},
   Volume = {267},
   Pages = {1795--1800},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
bracco00b,
   Author = {Bracco, Annalisa and LaCasce, Joe and Pasquero, Claudia and Provenzale, Antonello},
   Title = {The velocity distribution of barotropic turbulence},
   Journal = {Physics of Fluids},
   Volume = {12},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {2478--2488},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
brainerd95a,
   Author = {Brainerd, Keith E. and Gregg, Michael C.},
   Title = {Surface mixed and mixing layer depths},
   Journal = {Deep-Sea Research},
   Volume = {42},
   Number = {9},
   Pages = {1521-1543},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
brea04a,
   Author = {Brea, S. and Alvarez-Salgado, X.  {A}. and Alvarez, M. and Perez, F.  {F}. and Memery, L. and Mercier, H. and Messias, M.  {J}.},
   Title = {Nutrient mineralization rates and ratios in the eastern South {Atlantic}},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
   Volume = {109},
   Number = {C5},
   Pages = {-},
   Note = {Times Cited: 0
Article
English
Cited References Count: 72
827ox},
   Abstract = {The physical and biogeochemical components of nutrients and inorganic carbon distributions along {WOCE} line A14 are objectively separated by means of a constrained least-squares regression analysis of the mixing of eastern South {Atlantic} water masses.  {C}ontrary to previous approaches, essentially devoted to the intricate South {Atlantic} circulation, this work is focused on the effects of circulation on nutrients and carbon biogeochemistry, with special emphasis on the stoichiometry and the rate of mineralization processes.  {C}ombination of nutrient and apparent {CFC}-age anomalies, derived from the mixing analysis, indicate faster mineralization rates in the equatorial (12 x 10(-2) mumol P kg(-1) yr(-1)) and subequatorial (5.3 x 10(-2) mumol P kg(-1) yr(-1)) than in the subtropical (4.3 x 10(-2) mumol P kg(-1) yr(-1)) regime at the South {Atlantic} Central Water ({SACW}) depth range.  {L}ower rates are obtained in the Ant{Arctic} Intermediate Water ({AAIW}) domain (3.0 x 10(-2) mumol P kg(-1) yr(-1)).  {S}ignificant variation with depth of O-2/C/N/P anomalies indicates preferential mineralization of proteins in thermocline waters, as compared with the reference Redfield composition.},
 Keywords = {water masses
biogeochemical cycles
south {Atlantic}
ant{Arctic} intermediate water
circumpolar deep-water
redfield ratios
organic-matter
remineralization ratios
anthropogenic {{CO}}$_2$
western boundary
mass composition
north-{Atlantic}
drake passage},
   Year = {2004} }



@book{
breiman84a,
   Author = {Breiman, Leo and Friedman, Jerome H. and Olshen, Rochard A. and Stone, Charles J.},
   Title = {Classification And Regression Trees},
   Publisher = {Wadsworth},
   Address = {Belmont, California},
 Year = {1984} }




@book{
brek91a,
   Author = {Brekhovskikh, L.  {M}. and Lysanov, Y.  {P}.},
   Title = {Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics},
   Publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
   Address = {New York},
 Year = {1991} }




@article{
brenguier00a,
   Author = {Brenguier, J.-L. and Pawlowska, H. and Schuller, L. and Preusker, R. and Fischer, J. and Fouquart, Y.},
   Title = {Radiative properties of boundary layer clouds:  {D}roplet effective radius versus number concentration},
   Journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
   Volume = {57},
   Pages = {803--821},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
bretherton76a,
   Author = {Bretherton, Francis P. and Davis, Russ E. and Fandry, C.  {B}.},
   Title = {A technique for objective analysis and design of oceanographic experiments applied to {MODE}-73},
   Journal = {Deep-Sea Research},
   Volume = {23},
   Pages = {559-582},
 Year = {1976} }



@article{
bretherton84a,
   Author = {Bretherton, Francis P. and McPhaden, Michael J. and Kraus, Eric B.},
   Title = {Design studies for climatological measurements of heat storage},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {14},
   Pages = {318-337},
 Year = {1984} }



@article{
brewer85a,
   Author = {Brewer, P.  {G}. and Sarmiento, J.  {L}. and Smethie, W.  {M}.},
   Title = {The Transient Tracers in the Ocean (Tto) Program - the North-{Atlantic} Study, 1981 - the Tropical {Atlantic} Study, 1983},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans},
   Volume = {90},
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 Year = {1985} }



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broecker01a,
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   Title = {Was the Medieval Warm Period global?},
   Journal = {Science},
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 Year = {2001} }



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broecker76a,
   Author = {Broecker, W.  {S}. and Goddard, J. and Sarmiento, J.  {L}.},
   Title = {Distribution of Ra-226 in {Atlantic} Ocean},
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@book{
broecker82a,
   Author = {Broecker, W.  {S}. and Peng, T-H},
   Title = {Tracers In The Sea},
   Publisher = {{LDGO} Press},
   Address = {Palisades, {NY}},
 Year = {1982} }




@article{
broecker85a,
   Author = {Broecker, Wallace S. and Peteet, Dorothy M. and Rind, David},
   Title = {Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation?},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {315},
   Pages = {21-26},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
broecker90a,
   Author = {Broecker, W.  {S}. and Peng, T-H and Jouzel, Jean and Russell, Gary},
   Title = {The magnitude of global fresh-water transports of importance to ocean circulation},
   Journal = {Climate Dynamics},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {73-79},
 Year = {1990} }



@article{
broecker92a,
   Author = {Broecker, Wallace S. and Maier-Reimer, Ernst},
   Title = {The influence of air and sea exchange on the carbon isotope distribution in the sea},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {315-320},
 Year = {1992} }



@article{
broecker92b,
   Author = {Broecker, W.  {S}. and Peng, T.  {H}.},
   Title = {Interhemispheric Transport of Carbon Dioxide by Ocean Circulation},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {356},
   Number = {6370},
   Pages = {587-589},
 Year = {1992} }



@article{
broecker93a,
   Author = {Broecker, Wallace S. and Peng, Tsung-Hung},
   Title = {Evaluation of the $^13\text{C}$ Constraint on the Uptake of Fossil-Fuel {{CO}}$_2$ by the Ocean},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {7},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {619-626},
 Year = {1993} }



@book{
broecker94a,
   Author = {Broecker, W.  {S}. and Peng, T.-H.},
   Title = {Greenhouse Puzzles, Part Iii},
   Publisher = {Eldigio Press},
   Address = {Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, {NY}},
 Year = {1994} }




@article{
broecker99a,
   Author = {Broecker, W. and Lynch-Stieglitz, J. and Archer, D. and Hofmann, M. and Maier-Reimer, E. and Marchal, O. and Stocker, T. and Gruber, N.},
   Title = {How strong is the Harvardton-Bear constraint?},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {817-820},
 Year = {1999} }



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brook00a,
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   Title = {Predictive accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biology},
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 Year = {2000} }



@article{
brown80a,
   Author = {Brown, Michael G. and Munk, Walter H. and Spiesberger, John L. and Worcester, Peter F.},
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brown94a,
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@article{
brown95a,
   Author = {Brown, Margaret},
   Title = {The singular value decomposition method applied to the deduction of the emissions and the isotopic composition of atmospheric methane},
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 Year = {1995} }



@article{
brown97a,
   Author = {Brown, James H. and Valone, Thomas J. and Curtin, Charles G.},
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@incollection{
brune00a,
   Author = {Brune, William},
   Title = {{OH} and H{O}$_2$:  {S}ources, interactions with nitrogen oxides, and ozone production},
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 Year = {2000} }




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bryan85a,
   Author = {Bryan, K. and Sarmiento, J.  {L}.},
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bryan86a,
   Author = {Bryan, Frank},
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@article{
bryan95a,
   Author = {Bryan, Frank O. and B{\"o}ning, Claus W. and Holland, William R.},
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   Number = {3},
   Pages = {289-305},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
bryden85a,
   Author = {Bryden, Harry L. and Brady, Esther C.},
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@article{
bryden91a,
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@incollection{
bryson63a,
   Author = {Bryson, Arthur E. and Frazier, Malcolm},
   Title = {Smoothing for linear and nonlinear dynamic systems},
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   Publisher = {Flight Control Laboratory, United States Air Force},
   Address = {Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio},
   Pages = {354--364},
 Year = {1963} }




@incollection{
bryson63b,
   Author = {Bryson, Jr.  {A}rthur E.},
   Title = {Optimal programming of multivariable control systems in the presence of noise},
   BookTitle = {Proceedings of the optimum system synthesis conference},
   Publisher = {Flight Control Laboratory, United States Air Force},
   Address = {Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio},
   Pages = {344--351},
 Year = {1963} }




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brzezinski02a,
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   Title = {A switch from Si({OH})(4) to {NO}3- depletion in the glacial Southern Ocean},
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   Number = {12},
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 Year = {2002} }



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buldyrev93a,
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bulmer75a,
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@article{
burles84a,
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 Year = {1984} }



@book{
burnam02a,
   Author = {Burnham, Kenneth P. and Anderson, David R.},
   Title = {Model selection and multimodel inference : a practical information-theoretic approach},
   Publisher = {Springer},
   Address = {New York},
   Edition = {2nd},
   Note = {Kenneth P.  {B}urnham, David R.  {A}nderson.
ill. ; 25 cm.
Rev. ed. of:  {M}odel selection and inference. c1998.},
 Keywords = {Biology Mathematical models.
Mathematical statistics.},
   Year = {2002} }




@article{
busalacchi80a,
   Author = {Busalacchi, Antonio J. and O'Brien, James J.},
   Title = {The seasonal variability in a model of the tropical {Pacific}},
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   Pages = {1929-1951},
 Year = {1980} }



@article{
busalacchi81a,
   Author = {Busalacchi, Antonio J. and O'Brien, James J.},
   Title = {Interannual variability of the equatorial {Pacific} in the 1960's},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {86},
   Number = {C11},
   Pages = {10,901-10,907},
 Year = {1981} }



@article{
butler63,
   Author = {Butler, S.  {T}. and Small, K.  {A}.},
   Title = {The excitation of atmospheric oscillations},
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   Number = {Ser.  {A}},
   Pages = {91-121},
 Year = {1963} }



@article{
caldeira00a,
   Author = {Caldeira, Ken and Duffy, Philip B.},
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   Pages = {620--622},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
cane83a,
   Author = {Cane, Mark A.},
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   Pages = {1189-1195},
 Year = {1983} }



@article{
capurro97a,
   Author = {Capurro, Angel F. and Gatto, Marino and Tosi, Guido},
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 Year = {1997} }



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carlson01a,
   Author = {Carlson, C.  {A}. and Bates, N.  {R}. and Hansell, D.  {A}. and Steinberg, D.  {K}.},
   Title = {Carbon Cycle},
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   Editor = {Steele, John H. and Turekian, Karl K. and Thorpe, Steve A.},
   Publisher = {Academic Press},
   Volume = {1},
   Pages = {390--400},
 Year = {2001} }




@article{
carnes90a,
   Author = {Carnes, Michael R. and Mitchell, Jim L. and Witt, P.  {W}ebb de},
   Title = {Synthetic Temperature Profiles Derived From Geosat Altimetry:  {C}omparison With Air-Dropped expendable bathythermograph profiles},
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   Volume = {95},
   Number = {C10},
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 Year = {1990} }



@article{
carnes94a,
   Author = {Carnes, Michael R. and Teague, William J. and Mitchell, Jim L.},
   Title = {Inference of subsurface thermohaline structure from fields measurable by satellite},
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   Volume = {11},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {551-566},
 Year = {1994} }



@incollection{
carnes96a,
   Author = {Carnes, M.  {R}. and Fox, D.  {N}. and Rhodes, R.  {C}. and Smedstad, O.  {M}.},
   Title = {Data Assimilation In A North {Pacific} Ocean Monitoring And Prediction System},
   Editor = {Malanotte-Rizzoli, Paola},
   Publisher = {Elsevier Science B.  {V}.},
 Year = {1996} }




@article{
carton00a,
   Author = {Carton, James A. and Chepurin, Gennady and Cao, Xianhe and Giese, Benjamin},
   Title = {A simple ocean data assimilation analysis of the global upper ocean 1950-95.  {P}art I:  {M}ethodology},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {30},
   Pages = {294-309},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
casella92a,
   Author = {Casella, G. and George, E.  {I}.},
   Title = {Explaining the Gibbs Sampler},
   Journal = {{Americ}an Statistician},
   Volume = {46},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {167-174},
   Note = {Times Cited: 291
Article
English
Cited References Count: 38
Je819},
   Abstract = {Computer-intensive algorithms, such as the Gibbs sampler, have become increasingly popular statistical tools, both in applied and theoretical work.  {T}he properties of such algorithms, however, may sometimes not be obvious.  {H}ere we give a simple explanation of how and why the Gibbs sampler works.  {W}e analytically establish its properties in a simple case and provide insight for more complicated cases.  {T}here are also a number of examples.},
 Keywords = {data augmentation
markov chains
monte-carlo methods
resampling techniques
distributions},
   Year = {1992} }



@article{
caspersen00a,
   Author = {Caspersen, J.  {P}. and Pacala, S.  {W}. and Jenkins, J.  {C}. and Hurtt, G.  {C}. and Moorcraft, P.  {R}. and Birdsey, R.  {A}.},
   Title = {Contributions of land-use history to carbon accumulation in U.  {S}. forests},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {290},
   Number = {5494},
   Pages = {1148-1151},
 Year = {2000} }



@book{
caswell01a,
   Author = {Caswell, Hal},
   Title = {Matrix population models : construction, analysis, and interpretation},
   Publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
   Address = {Sunderland, Mass.},
   Edition = {2nd},
   Note = {Hal Caswell.
ill. ; 24 cm.},
 Keywords = {Population biology Computer simulation.
Matrices Data processing.},
   Year = {2001} }




@book{
caswell89a,
   Author = {Caswell, Hal},
   Title = {Matrix Population Models:  {C}onstruction, Analysis, And Interpretation},
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   Address = {Sunderland, {MA}.},
 Year = {1989} }




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cayula95a,
   Author = {Cayula, Jean-Fran\ccois and Cornillon, Peter},
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   Number = {4},
   Pages = {821-829},
 Year = {1995} }



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cerveney98a,
   Author = {Cerveney, Randall S. and Balling, Jr.  {R}obert C.},
   Title = {Weekly cycles of air pollutant, precipitation and tropical cyclones in the coastal {NW} {Atlantic} region},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {394},
   Pages = {561--563},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
cessi96a,
   Author = {Cessi, Paola and Young, W.  {R}.},
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@book{
chambers92a,
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@article{
chang94a,
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@incollection{
chapman51a,
   Author = {Chapman, Sydney},
   Title = {Atmospheric tides and oscillations},
   BookTitle = {Compendium of Meteorology},
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   Pages = {510-530},
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@book{
chapman70a,
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charlson87a,
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charney61,
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chavez99a,
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   Title = {Biological and chemical response of the equatorial {Pacific} Ocean to the 1997-98 El Ni{\~n}o},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {286},
   Pages = {2126--2131},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
chelton82a,
   Author = {Chelton, Dudley B. and Davis, Russ E.},
   Title = {Monthly mean sea-level variability along the west coast of North {Americ}a},
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   Pages = {757-784},
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@article{
chelton96a,
   Author = {Chelton, Dudley B. and Schlax, Michael G.},
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@article{
chelton98a,
   Author = {Chelton, Dudley B. and Szoeke, Roland A. de and Schlax, Michael G. and Naggar, K.  {E}l and Siwertz, N.},
   Title = {Geographical variability of the first-baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation},
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   Pages = {433-460},
 Year = {1998} }



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chen04a,
   Author = {Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur},
   Title = {Exchanges of carbon in the coastal seas},
   BookTitle = {The Global Carbon Cycle:  {I}ntegrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World},
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   Publisher = {Island Press},
   Address = {Washington},
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@article{
chen77a,
   Author = {Chen, Chen-Tung and Millero, Frank J.},
   Title = {Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures},
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   Pages = {1129-1135},
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@article{
chepurin99a,
   Author = {Chepurin, Gennady A. and Carton, James A.},
   Title = {Comparison of retrospective analyses of the global ocean heat content},
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   Pages = {119-145},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
chern93a,
   Author = {Chern, Jyh-Long and Otsuka, Kenju},
   Title = {Information theoretic consideration of the chaotic itinerancy in a globally coupled laser model},
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   Pages = {213--219},
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@techreport{
chiswell90a,
   Author = {Chiswell, Stephen and Firing, Eric and Karl, David and Lukas, Roger and Winn, Christopher},
   Title = {Hawaii Ocean time-series data report 1, 1988-1989},
   Institution = {School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology},
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   Month= {November 1990},
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@article{
chomko03a,
   Author = {Chomko, R.  {M}. and Gordon, H.  {R}. and Maritorena, S. and Siegel, D.  {A}.},
   Title = {Simultaneous retrieval of oceanic and atmospheric parameters for ocean color imagery by spectral optimization: a validation},
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@article{
chou02a,
   Author = {Chou, W.  {W}. and Wofsy, S.  {C}. and Harriss, R.  {C}. and Lin, J.  {C}. and Gerbig, C. and Sachse, G.  {W}.},
   Title = {Net fluxes of {{CO}}$_2$ in Amazonia derived from aircraft observations},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {D22},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
christian02a,
   Author = {Christian, J.  {R}. and Verschell, M.  {A}. and Murtugudde, R. and Busalacchi, A.  {J}. and McClain, C.  {R}.},
   Title = {Biogeochemical modelling of the tropical {Pacific} Ocean.  {I}:  {S}easonal and interannual variability},
   Journal = {Deep-Sea Research {II}},
   Volume = {49},
   Pages = {509--543},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
chung03a,
   Author = {Chung, S.  {N}. and Lee, K. and Feely, R.  {A}. and Sabine, C.  {L}. and Millero, F.  {J}. and Wanninkhof, R. and Bullister, J.  {L}. and Key, R.  {M}. and Peng, T.  {H}.},
   Title = {Calcium carbonate budget in the {Atlantic} Ocean based on water column inorganic carbon chemistry},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {17},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {-},
 Year = {2003} }



@article{
ciais95a,
   Author = {Ciais, Philippe and Tans, Pieter P. and White, James W.  {C}. and Trolier, Michael and Francey, Roger J. and Berry, Joe A. and Randall, David R. and Sellers, Piers J. and Collatz, James G. and Schimel, David S.},
   Title = {Partitioning of ocean and land uptake of {{CO}}$_2$ as inferred by $\delta^{13}\text{C}$ measurements from the {NOAA} Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Global Air Sampling Network},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {100},
   Number = {D3},
   Pages = {5051-5070},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
ciais95b,
   Author = {Ciais, P. and Tans, P.  {P}. and Trolier, M. and White, J.  {W}.  {C}. and Francey, R.  {J}.},
   Title = {A Large Northern-Hemisphere Terrestrial {{CO}}$_2$ Sink Indicated by the $^13\text{C}$/$^12\text{C}$ Ratio of Atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {269},
   Number = {5227},
   Pages = {1098-1102},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
cipollini01a,
   Author = {Cipollini, Paolo and Cromwell, David and Challenor, Peter G. and Raffaglio, Stefano},
   Title = {Rossby waves detected in global ocean colour data},
   Journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {323--326},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
clarke83a,
   Author = {Clarke, Allan J.},
   Title = {The reflection of equatorial waves from oceanic boundaries},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {13},
   Pages = {1193--1207},
 Year = {1983} }



@article{
clarke91a,
   Author = {Clarke, Allan J. and Shi, Chuan},
   Title = {Critical frequencies at ocean boundaries},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {C6},
   Pages = {10,731-10,738},
 Year = {1991} }



@article{
clarke92a,
   Author = {Clarke, Allan J.},
   Title = {Low-frequency reflection from a nonmeridional eastern ocean boundary and the use of coastal sea level to monitor Eastern {Pacific} equatorial Kelvin waves},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {22},
   Pages = {163-183},
 Year = {1992} }



@article{
clarke93a,
   Author = {Clarke, Allan J. and Gorder, Stephen Van},
   Title = {On {ENSO} coastal currents and sea levels},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {24},
   Pages = {661-680},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
clarke93b,
   Author = {Clarke, Antony D.},
   Title = {Atmospheric nuclei in the {Pacific} midtroposphere:  {T}heir nature, concentration and evolution},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {98},
   Number = {D11},
   Pages = {20633-20647},
 Year = {1993} }



@article{
clarke96a,
   Author = {Clarke, Allan J. and Lebedev, Anna},
   Title = {Long-term changes in the equatorial {Pacific} trade winds},
   Journal = {Journal of Climate},
   Volume = {9},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {1020-1029},
 Year = {1996} }



@article{
claustre02a,
   Author = {Claustre, H. and Morel, A. and Hooker, S.  {B}. and Babin, M. and Antoine, D. and Oubelkheir, K. and Bricaud, A. and Leblanc, K. and Queguiner, B. and Maritorena, S.},
   Title = {Is desert dust making oligotrophic waters greener?},
   Journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {10},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
claustre03a,
   Author = {Claustre, H. and Maritorena, S.},
   Title = {The many shades of ocean blue},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {302},
   Number = {5650},
   Pages = {1514-1515},
 Year = {2003} }



@article{
clutton-brock94a,
   Author = {Clutton-Brock, T.  {H}. and Lonergan, M.  {E}.},
   Title = {Culling regimes and sex ratio biases in Highland red deer},
   Journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
   Volume = {31},
   Pages = {521-527},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
clutton-brock97a,
   Author = {Clutton-Brock, T.  {H}. and Illius, A.  {W}. and Wilson, K. and Grenfell, B.  {T}. and MacColl, A.  {D}. and Albon, S.  {D}.},
   Title = {Stability and instability in ungulate populations: an empirical analysis},
   Journal = {{Americ}an Naturalist},
   Volume = {149},
   Pages = {195-219},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
clutton-brock97b,
   Author = {Clutton-Brock, T.  {H}. and Rose, K.  {E}. and Guinness, F.  {E}.},
   Title = {Density-related changes in sexual selection in red deer},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B},
   Volume = {264},
   Pages = {1509-1516},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
coale96a,
   Author = {Coale, K.  {H}.},
   Title = {A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial {Pacific} Ocean},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {383},
   Number = {6600},
   Pages = {495--501},
 Year = {1996} }



@article{
coale96b,
   Author = {Coale, K.  {H}. and Fitzwater, S.  {E}. and Gordon, R.  {M}. and Johnson, K.  {S}. and Barber, R.  {T}.},
   Title = {Control of community growth and export production by upwelled iron in the equatorial {Pacific} Ocean},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {379},
   Pages = {621--624},
 Year = {1996} }



@article{
coatanoan01a,
   Author = {Coatanoan, C. and Goyet, C. and Gruber, N. and Sabine, C.  {L}. and Warner, M.},
   Title = {Comparison of two approaches to quantify anthropogenic {{CO}}$_2$ in the ocean:  {R}esults from the northern {Indian} Ocean},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {11-25},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
cocho91a,
   Author = {Cocho, G. and Mart\'inez-Mekler, G.},
   Title = {On a couple map lattice formulation of the evolution of genetic sequences},
   Journal = {Physica D},
   Pages = {119--130},
 Year = {1991} }



@article{
cohen95a,
   Author = {Cohen, Joel E.},
   Title = {Unexpected dominance of high frequencies in chaotic nonlinear population models},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {378},
   Pages = {610--612},
 Year = {1995} }



@incollection{
cohn81a,
   Author = {Cohn, S. and Ghil, M. and Isaacson, E.},
   Title = {Optimal interpolation and the Kalman filter},
   BookTitle = {Proc. 5th Conf.  {N}umer.  {W}eather Prediction},
   Publisher = {Amer.  {M}eteor.  {S}oc.},
   Address = {Boston, {MA} 02108},
   Pages = {36-42},
 Year = {1981} }




@article{
cohn94a,
   Author = {Cohn, N.  {S}.  {S}ivakumaran Stephen E. and Todling, Ricardo},
   Title = {A fixed-lag Kalman smoother for retrospective data assimilation},
   Journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
   Volume = {122},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2838--2867},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
cole01a,
   Author = {Cole, J.  {J}. and Caraco, N.  {F}.},
   Title = {Carbon in catchments: connecting terrestrial carbon losses with aquatic metabolism},
   Journal = {Marine and Freshwater Research},
   Volume = {52},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {101-110},
   Abstract = {For a majority of aquatic ecosystems, respiration (R) exceeds autochthonous gross primary production ({GPP}), These systems have negative net ecosystem production ([{NEP}] = [{GPP}] - R) and ratios of [{GPP}]/R of <1.  {T}his net heterotrophy can be sustained only if aquatic respiration is subsidized by organic inputs from the catchment.  {S}uch subsidies imply that organic materials that escaped decomposition in the terrestrial environment must become susceptible to decomposition in the linked aquatic environment.  {U}sing a moderate-sized catchment in North {Americ}a, the Hudson River (catchment area 33 500 km(2)), evidence is presented for the magnitude of net heterotrophy.  {A}ll approaches ({{CO}}$_2$ gas flux; O-2 gas flux; budget and gradient of dissolved organic C; and the summed components of primary production and respiration within the ecosystem) indicate that system respiration exceeds gross primary production by <similar to>200 g C m(-2) year(-1).  {H}ighly C-14-depleted C of ancient terrestrial origin (1000-5000 years old) may be an important source of labile organic matter to this riverine system and support this excess respiration.  {T}he mechanisms by which organic matter is preserved for centuries to millennia in terrestrial soils and decomposed in a matter of weeks in a river connect modem riverine metabolism to historical terrestrial conditions.},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
colindeverdiere86a,
   Author = {Verdire, Alain Colin de},
   Title = {On mean flow instabilities within the planetary geostrophic equations},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {16},
   Pages = {1981-1984},
 Year = {1986} }



@article{
colosi99a,
   Author = {Colosi, John A. and group, the {ATOC}},
   Title = {A review of recent results on ocean acoustic wave propagation in random media: basin scales},
   Journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {138-155},
 Year = {1999} }



@incollection{
compton00a,
   Author = {Compton, J. and Mallinson, D. and Glenn, C.  {R}. and Filippelli, G. and F{\"o}llmi, K. and Shields, G. and Zanin, Y.},
   Title = {Variations in the global phosphorous cycle},
   BookTitle = {Marine Authigenesis:  {F}rom Global to Microbial},
   Publisher = {{SEPM} (Society for Sedimentary Geology)},
   Address = {Tulsa, {OK}},
   Pages = {21-33},
 Year = {2000} }




@article{
conkright03a,
   Author = {Conkright, M.  {E}. and Gregg, W.  {W}.},
   Title = {Comparison of global chlorophyll climatologies:  {I}n situ, {CZCS}, Blended in situ-{CZCS} and SeaWi{FS}},
   Journal = {International Journal of Remote Sensing},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {969-991},
   Note = {Times Cited: 0
Article
English
Cited References Count: 62
662bt},
   Abstract = {Chlorophyll climatologies derived from historical in situ data, Coastal Zone Color Scanner data ({CZCS}) and SeaWi{FS} (Version 3) data were intercompared to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in representing chlorophyll distributions in the global ocean.  {A} fourth dataset, produced by blending ill situ data with {CZCS} data was compared to the other three.  {S}ystematic biases were associated with each of these datasets.  {I}n situ and {CZCS} data appeared to underestimate chlorophyll since the blended analysis produced generally elevated values.  {T}he underestimate by situ data is related to problems mostly in the analysis of the data.  {C}{ZCS} underestimates are related to calibration and algorithm problems.  {T}he SeaWi{FS} data for the open ocean appears to be valid since its within 10% of the blended climatology for all seasons except winter.  {I}n the coastal ocean, SeaWi{FS} may overestimate chlorophyll with values 30-77% higher than the next closest climatology.  {B}lending of in situ and satellite may produce the best climatology.  {T}his method takes advantage of the higher quality of in situ data. and the spatial variability of satellite sensor data, The blended method may be of greatest use for SeaWi{FS} in coastal areas. where the algorithm problems are greatest.},
 Keywords = {ant{Arctic} peninsula waters
oceanic primary production
north {Pacific}-ocean
phytoplankton pigment
biooptical properties
southern-ocean
satellite chlorophyll
data-set
el-nino
color},
   Year = {2003} }



@article{
conway94a,
   Author = {Conway, Thomas J. and Tans, Pieter P. and Waterman, Lee S. and Thoning, Kirk W. and Kitzis, Duane R. and Masarie, Kenneth A. and Zhang, Ni},
   Title = {Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory global air sampling network},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {D11},
   Pages = {22831--22855},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
conway99a,
   Author = {Conway, T.  {J}. and Tans, P.  {P}.},
   Title = {Development of the {{CO}}$_2$ latitude gradient in recent decades},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {13},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {821-826},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
cornuelle82a,
   Author = {Cornuelle, Bruce D.},
   Title = {Acoustic tomography},
   Journal = {{IEEE} Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing},
   Volume = {{GE}-20},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {326-332},
 Year = {1982} }



@phdthesis{
cornuelle83a,
   Author = {Cornuelle, Bruce D.},
   Title = {Inverse methods and results from the 1981 ocean acoustic tomography experiment},
   School = {Massachussetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution},
 Year = {1983} }




@article{
cornuelle85a,
   Author = {Cornuelle, B. and Wunsch, C. and Behringer, D. and Birdsall, T. and Brown, M. and Heinmiller, R. and Knox, R. and Metzger, K. and Munk, W. and Spiesberger, J. and Spindel, R. and Webb, D. and Worcester, P.},
   Title = {Tomographic maps of the ocean mesoscale.  {P}art 1:  {P}ure acoustics},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {133--152},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
cornuelle89a,
   Author = {Cornuelle, Bruce and Munk, Walter and Worcester, Peter},
   Title = {Ocean acoustic tomography from ships},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {94},
   Number = {C5},
   Pages = {6232-6250},
 Year = {1989} }



@article{
corti99a,
   Author = {Corti, S. and Molteni, F. and Palmer, T.  {N}.},
   Title = {Signature of recent climate change in frequencies of natural atmospheric circulation regimes},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {398},
   Pages = {799--802},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
coulson00a,
   Author = {Coulson, Tim and Milner-Gulland, E.  {J}. and Clutton-Brock, Tim},
   Title = {The relative roles of density and climatic variation on population dynamics and fecundity rates in three contrasting ungulate species},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B},
   Volume = {267},
   Number = {1454},
   Pages = {1771-1779},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
coulson01a,
   Author = {Coulson, T. and Catchpole, E.  {A}. and Albon, S.  {D}. and Morgan, B.  {J}.  {T}. and Pemberton, J.  {M}. and Clutton-Brock, T.  {H}. and Crawley, M.  {J}. and Grenfell, B.  {T}.},
   Title = {Age, sex, density, winter weather, and population crashes in Soay sheep},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {292},
   Pages = {1528--1531},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
coulson01b,
   Author = {Coulson, T. and Mace, G.  {M}. and Hudson, E. and Possingham, H.},
   Title = {Age, sex, density, winter weather, and population crashes in Soay sheep},
   Journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
   Volume = {16},
   Pages = {219--221},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
courtier93a,
   Author = {Courtier, P. and Derber, J. and Errico, R. and Louis, J.  {F}. and Vukicevic, T.},
   Title = {Important Literature on the Use of Adjoint, Variational-Methods and the Kalman Filter in Meteorology},
   Journal = {Tellus Series a-Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography},
   Volume = {45A},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {342-357},
   Note = {Times Cited: 42
Article
English
Cited References Count: 0
Ml108},
   Abstract = {The use of adjoint equations is proving to be invaluable in many areas of meteorological research.  {U}nlike a forecast model which describes the evolution of meteorological Fields forward in time, the adjoint equations describe the evolution of sensitivity (to initial, boundary and parametric conditions) backward in time.  {E}ssentially, by utilizing this sensitivity information, many types of problems can be solved more efficiently than in the past, including variational data assimilation, parameter fitting, optimal instability and sensitivity analysis in general.  {F}or this reason, the adjoints of various models and their applications have been appearing more and more frequently in meteorological research.  {T}his paper is a bibliography in chronological order of published works in meteorology dealing with adjoints which have appeared prior to this issue of Tellus.  {A}lso included are meteorological works regarding variational methods (even without adjoints) and Kalman filtering in data assimilation, plus some references outside meteorology.  {T}hese additional works are included here because the main thrust for adjoint application within meteorology is currently concentrated in the development of next-generation data assimilation systems.},
 Year = {1993} }



@article{
covey00a,
   Author = {Covey, C. and Abe-Ouchi, A. and Boer, G.  {J}. and Boville, B.  {A}. and Cubasch, U. and Fairhead, L. and Flato, G.  {M}. and Gordon, H. and Guilyardi, E. and Jiang, X. and Johns, T.  {C}. and Le Treut, H. and Madec, G. and Meehl, G.  {A}. and Miller, R. and Noda, A. and Power, S.  {B}. and Roeckner, E. and Russell, G. and Schneider, E.  {K}. and Stouffer, R.  {J}. and Terray, L. and von Storch, J.  {S}.},
   Title = {The seasonal cycle in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models},
   Journal = {Climate Dynamics},
   Volume = {16},
   Number = {10-11},
   Pages = {775-787},
   Note = {Times Cited: 6
Article
English
Cited References Count: 33
368ld},
   Abstract = {We examine the seasonal cycle of near-surface air temperature simulated by 17 coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project ({CMIP}).  {N}ine of the models use ad hoc "flux adjustment" at the ocean surface to bring model simulations close to observations of the present-day climate.  {W}e group flux-adjusted and non-flux-adjusted models separately and examine the behaviol- of each class.  {W}hen averaged over all of the flux-adjusted model simulations, near-surface air temperature falls within 2 K of observed values over the oceans.  {T}he corresponding average over non-flux-adjusted models shows errors up to similar to6 K in extensive ocean areas.  {F}lux adjustments are not directly applied over land, and near-surface land temperature errors are substantial in the average over flux-adjusted models, which systematically underestimates (by similar to5 K) temperature in areas of elevated terrain.  {T}he corresponding average over non-flux-adjusted models forms a similar error pattern (with somewhat increased amplitude) over land.  {W}e use the temperature difference between July and January to measure seasonal cycle amplitude.  {Z}onal means of this quantity from the individual flux-adjusted models form a fairly tight cluster (all within similar to 30% of the mean) centered on the observed values.  {T}he nonflux-adjusted models perform nearly as well at most latitudes.  {I}n Southern Ocean mid-latitudes, however, the non-flux-adjusted models overestimate the magnitude of January-minus-July temperature differences by similar to5 K due to an overestimate of summer (January) near-surface temperature.  {T}his error is common to five of the eight non-flux-adjusted models.  {A}lso, over Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude land areas, zonal mean differences between July and January temperatures simulated by the non-flux-adjusted models show a greater spread (positive and negative) about observed values than results from the flux-adjusted models.  {E}lsewhere, differences between the two classes of models are less obvious.  {A}t no latitude is the zonal mean difference between averages over the two classes of models greater than the standard deviation over models.  {T}he ability of coupled {GCM}s to simulate a reasonable seasonal cycle is a necessary condition for confidence in their prediction of long-term climatic changes (such as global warming), but it is not a sufficient condition unless the seasonal cycle and long-term changes involve similar climatic processes.  {T}o test this possible connection, we compare seasonal cycle amplitude with equilibrium warming under doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide for the models in our data base.  {A} small but positive correlation exists between these two quantities.  {T}his result is predicted by a simple conceptual model of the climate system, and it is consistent with other modeling experience, which indicates that the seasonal cycle depends only weakly on climate sensitivity.},
 Keywords = {surface air-temperature
spatial variability
climate sensitivity
{{CO}}$_2$
increase
project
layer},
   Year = {2000} }



@article{
cox00a,
   Author = {Cox, Peter M. and Betts, Richard A. and Jones, Chris D. and Spall, Steven A. and Totterdell, Ian J.},
   Title = {Acceleration of global warming due to carbon cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {408},
   Pages = {184--187},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
cramer99a,
   Author = {Cramer, W. and Kicklighter, D.  {W}. and Bondeau, A. and Moore, B. and Churkina, C. and Nemry, B. and Ruimy, A. and Schloss, A.  {L}.},
   Title = {Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity ({NPP}): overview and key results},
   Journal = {Global Change Biology},
   Volume = {5},
   Pages = {1-15},
   Note = {Suppl. 1},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
crane83a,
   Author = {Kaye, Brian H.},
   Title = {Golf balls, boomerangs and asteroids:  {T}he impact of missiles on society},
   Pages = {152-156},
 Year = {1996} }



@article{
crete97a,
   Author = {Crte, M. and Courtois, R.},
   Title = {Limiting factors might obscure population regulation of moose (Cervidae:  {A}lces alces) in unproductive boreal forest},
   Journal = {Journal of Zoology},
   Volume = {242},
   Pages = {765-781},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
dacey86a,
   Author = {Dacey, John W.  {H}. and Wakeham, Stuart G.},
   Title = {Oceanic dimethylsulfide: production during zooplankton grazing on phytoplankton},
   Journal = {Science},
   Volume = {233},
   Pages = {1314-1316},
 Year = {1986} }



@article{
dagostino73a,
   Author = {D'Agostino, Ralph B. and Tietjen, Gary L.},
   Title = {Approaches to the null distribution of Ăb1},
   Journal = {Biometrika},
   Volume = {60},
   Pages = {169--173},
 Year = {1973} }



@article{
dagostino73b,
   Author = {D'Agostino, Ralph B. and Tietjen, Gary L.},
   Title = {Tests for departure from normality.  {E}mpirical results for the distribution of b2 and Öb1},
   Journal = {Biometrika},
   Volume = {60},
   Pages = {613-622},
 Year = {1973} }



@article{
daido86a,
   Author = {Daido, Hiroaki},
   Title = {Discrete-time population dynamics of interacting self-oscillators},
   Journal = {Progress of Theoretical Physics},
   Volume = {75},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {1460--1463},
 Year = {1986} }



@article{
dargaville00a,
   Author = {Dargaville, R.  {J}. and Law, R.  {M}. and Pribac, F.},
   Title = {Implications of interannual variability in atmospheric circulation on modelled {{CO}}$_2$ concentrations and source estimates},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {14},
   Pages = {931-943},
 Year = {2000} }



@article{
dargaville03a,
   Author = {Dargaville, Roger J. and Doney, Scott C. and Fung, Inez Y.},
   Title = {Inter-annual variability in the interhemispheric atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ gradient: contributions from transport and the seasonal rectifier},
   Journal = {Tellus},
   Volume = {55B},
   Pages = {711-722},
 Year = {2003} }



@article{
dasaro89a,
   Author = {D'Asaro, E.  {A}.},
   Title = {The decay of wind-forced mixed layer inertial oscillations due to the b effect},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {94},
   Pages = {2045-2056},
 Year = {1989} }



@article{
daubechies99a,
   Author = {Daubechies, Ingrid and Guskov, Igor and Schr{\"o}der, Peter and Sweldens, Wim},
   Title = {Wavelets on irregular point sets},
   Journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A},
   Volume = {357},
   Pages = {2397--2413},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
davis76a,
   Author = {Davis, Russ E.},
   Title = {Predictability of sea surface temperature and sea level pressure anomalies over the north {Pacific} ocean},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {249-266},
 Year = {1976} }



@article{
davis78a,
   Author = {Davis, Russ E.},
   Title = {Predictability of sea level pressure anomalies over the North {Pacific} ocean},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {8},
   Pages = {233-246},
 Year = {1978} }



@article{
dee95a,
   Author = {Dee, Dick P.},
   Title = {On-line estimation of error covariance parameters for atmospheric data assimilation},
   Journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
   Volume = {123},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1128-1145},
 Year = {1995} }



@book{
deffeyes01a,
   Author = {Deffeyes, Kenneth S.},
   Title = {Hubbert's Peak:  {T}he Impending World Oil Shortage},
   Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
 Year = {2001} }




@article{
defries02a,
   Author = {DeFries, Ruth S. and Houghton, Richard A. and Hansen, Matthew C. and Field, Christopher B. and Skole, David and Townshend, John},
   Title = {Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation and regrowth based on satellite observations for the 1980s and 1990s},
   Journal = {{PNAS}},
   Volume = {99},
   Number = {22},
   Pages = {14256-14261},
   Abstract = {Carbon fluxes from tropical deforestation and regrowth are highly uncertain components of the contemporary carbon budget, due in part to the lack of spatially explicit and consistent information on changes in forest area.  {W}e estimate fluxes for the 1980s and 1990s using subpixel estimates of percent tree cover derived from coarse (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) satellite data in combination with a terrestrial carbon model.  {T}he satellite-derived estimates of change in forest area are lower than national reports and remote-sensing surveys from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Forest Resource Assessment ({FRA}) in all tropical regions, especially for the 1980s.  {H}owever, our results indicate that the net rate of tropical forest clearing increased {approx}10% from the 1980s to 1990s, most notably in southeast {Asia}, in contrast to an 11% reduction reported by the {FRA}.  {W}e estimate net mean annual carbon fluxes from tropical deforestation and regrowth to average 0.6 (0.3-0.8) and 0.9 (0.5-1.4) petagrams (Pg)*yr-1 for the 1980s and 1990s, respectively.  {C}ompared with previous estimates of 1.9 (0.6-2.5) Pg*yr-1 based on {FRA} national statistics of changes in forest area, this alternative estimate suggests less "missing" carbon from the global carbon budget but increasing emissions from tropical land-use change.},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
dejong89a,
   Author = {Jong, Piet de},
   Title = {Smoothing and interpolation with the state-space model},
   Journal = {Journal of the {Americ}an Statistical Association},
   Volume = {84},
   Number = {408},
   Pages = {1085--1088},
 Year = {1989} }



@article{
delcroix91a,
   Author = {Delcroix, Thierry and Picaut, J{\"o}el and Eldin, G{\'e}rard},
   Title = {Equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves evidenced in the {Pacific} Ocean through Geosat sea level and surface current anomalies},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
   Volume = {96},
   Number = {supplement},
   Pages = {3249--3262},
 Year = {1991} }



@article{
delgrosso74a,
   Author = {Grosso, V.  {A}.  {D}el},
   Title = {New equation for the speed of sound in natural waters (with comparisons to other equations)},
   Journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of {Americ}a},
   Volume = {56},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {1084-1091},
 Year = {1974} }



@article{
dempster77a,
   Author = {Dempster, A.  {P}. and Laird, N.  {M}. and Rubin, D.  {B}.},
   Title = {Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the {EM} algorithm},
   Journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.  {S}eries B (Methodological)},
   Volume = {39},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {1-38},
 Year = {1977} }



@article{
denning95a,
   Author = {Denning, A.  {S}. and Fung, I.  {Y}. and Randall, D.},
   Title = {Latitudinal Gradient of Atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ Due to Seasonal Exchange with Land Biota},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {376},
   Number = {6537},
   Pages = {240-243},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
denning99a,
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   Title = {Three-dimensional transport and concentration of {SF}6.  {A} model intercomparison study ({TransCom} 2)},
   Journal = {Tellus},
   Volume = {51B},
   Pages = {266-297},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
dennis94a,
   Author = {Dennis, Brian and Taper, Mark L.},
   Title = {Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations:  {E}stimation and testing},
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   Number = {2},
   Pages = {205-224},
 Year = {1994} }



@article{
derocher95a,
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   Pages = {1657-1665},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
derocher98a,
   Author = {Derocher, A.  {E}. and Stirling, I.},
   Title = {Geographic variation in growth of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus},
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   Pages = {65-72},
 Year = {1998} }



@article{
deser95a,
   Author = {Deser, Clara and Blackmon, Maurice L.},
   Title = {On the relationshop between tropical and North {Pacific} sea surface temperature variations},
   Journal = {Journal of Climate},
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   Pages = {1677-1680},
 Year = {1995} }



@article{
deser96a,
   Author = {Deser, Clara and Alexander, Michael A. and Timlin, Michael S.},
   Title = {Upper ocean thermal variations in the North {Pacific} during 1970-1991},
   Journal = {Journal of Climate},
   Volume = {9},
   Pages = {1840-1855},
 Year = {1996} }



@article{
deszoeke98a,
   Author = {Szoeke, Roland A. de and Chelton, Dudley B.},
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 Year = {1998} }



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deutsch01a,
   Author = {Deutsch, Curtis and Gruber, Nicolas and Key, Robert M. and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and Ganachaud, Alexandre},
   Title = {Denitrification and {N}$_2$ fixation in the {Pacific} Ocean},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {483--506},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
dewar89a,
   Author = {Dewar, William K.},
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 Year = {1989} }



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dewar98a,
   Author = {Dewar, W.  {K}. and Hsueh, Y. and McDougall, T.  {J}. and Yuan, D.  {I}.},
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   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {4},
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 Year = {1998} }



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dickson90a,
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   Journal = {Nature},
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 Year = {1990} }



@article{
diem48,
   Author = {Diem, M.},
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 Year = {1948} }



@article{
dikii65,
   Author = {Dikii, L.  {A}.},
   Title = {The terrestrial atmosphere as an oscillating system},
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 Year = {1965} }



@article{
ding97a,
   Author = {Ding, Mingzhou and Yang, Weiming},
   Title = {Stability of synchronous chaos and on-off intermittency in coupled map lattices},
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 Year = {1997} }



@article{
dixon99a,
   Author = {Dixon, K.  {W}. and Lanzante, J.  {R}.},
   Title = {Global mean surface air temperature and North {Atlantic} overturning in a suite of coupled {GCM} climate change experiments},
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   Volume = {26},
   Number = {13},
   Pages = {1885--1888},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
doney02a,
   Author = {Doney, S.  {C}. and Kleypas, J.  {A}. and Sarmiento, J.  {L}. and Falkowski, P.  {G}.},
   Title = {The {US} {JGOFS} synthesis and modeling project - An introduction},
   Journal = {Deep-Sea Research {II}},
   Volume = {49},
   Number = {1-3},
   Pages = {1-20},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
doney04a,
   Author = {Doney, S.  {C}. and Lindsay, K. and Caldeira, K. and Campin, J.  {M}. and Drange, H. and Dutay, J.  {C}. and Follows, M. and Gao, Y. and Gnanadesikan, A. and Gruber, N. and Ishida, A. and Joos, F. and Madec, G. and Maier-Reimer, E. and Marshall, J.  {C}. and Matear, R.  {J}. and Monfray, P. and Mouchet, A. and Najjar, R. and Orr, J.  {C}. and Plattner, G.  {K}. and Sarmiento, J. and Schlitzer, R. and Slater, R. and Totterdell, I.  {J}. and Weirig, M.  {F}. and Yamanaka, Y. and Yool, A.},
   Title = {Evaluating global ocean carbon models:  {T}he importance of realistic physics},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {18},
   Number = {3},
 Year = {2004} }



@article{
doney96a,
   Author = {Doney, Scott C. and Glover, David M. and Najjar, Raymond G.},
   Title = {A new coupled, one-dimensional biological-physical model for the upper ocean:  {A}pplications to the {JGOFS} Bermuda {Atlantic} Time-series study ({BATS}) site},
   Journal = {Deep-Sea Research {II}},
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   Number = {2-3},
   Pages = {591--624},
 Year = {1996} }



@article{
downing93a,
   Author = {Downing, J.  {P}. and Meybeck, M. and Orr, J.  {C}. and Twilley, R.  {R}. and Scharpenseel, H.  {W}.},
   Title = {Land and Water Interface Zones},
   Journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
   Volume = {70},
   Number = {1-4},
   Pages = {123-137},
   Note = {Times Cited: 6
Article
English
Cited References Count: 49
Lz846},
   Abstract = {This paper reports analyses of C pools and fluxes in land-water interface zones completed at the International Workshop:  {T}errestrial Biospheric Carbon Fluxes; Quantification of Sinks and Sources Of {{CO}}$_2$ (Bad Harzburg, Germany, March 1-5, 1993).  {T}he objective was to determine the role of these zones as global sinks of atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ as part of a larger effort to quantify global C sinks and sources in the past (ca. 1850), the present, and the foreseeable future (ca. 2050).  {A}ssuming the world population doubles by the year 2050, storage of atmospheric C in reservoirs will also double, as will river loads of atmospheric C and nutrients.  {I}t is estimated that C sinks in temperate and boreal wetlands have decreased by about 50%, from 0.2 to 0.1 Gt C yr-1, since 1850.  {T}he total decrease for wetlands may be considerably larger when tropical wetlands are taken into account, however, the area and C density of tropical wetlands are not well known at this time.  {C}hanges in cultivation practices and improved sampling of methaneogenesis have caused estimates of {CH}4 emissions from ricelands to drop substantially from 150 to 60 Tg yr-1.  {E}ven with doubled N and P loads, rivers are unlikely to fertilize more than about 20% of the new primary production in the coastal ocean.  {T}he source of C for this new production may not be the atmosphere, however, because the coastal ocean exchanges large quantities of {DIC} with the open ocean.  {U}ntil the C fluxes from air-sea exchange Of {{CO}}$_2$ and {DIC} are better quantified, the C-sink potential of the coastal ocean will remain a major uncertainty in the global C cycle.  {A}nalysis of model simulations of oceanic C uptake reconfirmed that the open ocean appears to take up about 2.0 Gt C yr-1 from the atmosphere and that model estimates are in better accord now, +/-0.5 Gt C yr-1, than ever before.  {L}and use management must consider the unique C sinks in coastal and alluvial wetlands in order to minimize the future negative impacts of agriculture and urban development.  {L}ong-term monitoring will be essential to prove the success, or failure, of management practices to sustain wetlands in the future.  {R}elative to the other systems examined at the workshop, the C-sink capacity of the ocean (excluding estuaries) is not likely to be measurably affected in the foreseeable future by the management scenarios considered at the workshop.},
 Keywords = {oceanic {{CO}}$_2$ increase
carbon-dioxide
atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$
budget
sinks
constraints
nitrogen
impact
sea},
   Year = {1993} }



@article{
doyle85a,
   Author = {Doyle, William T.},
   Title = {Scattering approach to Fresnel's equations and Brewster's law},
   Journal = {{Americ}an Journal of Physics},
   Volume = {53},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {463-468},
 Year = {1985} }



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duane97a,
   Author = {Duane, Gregory S.},
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   Number = {6},
   Pages = {6475-6493},
 Year = {1997} }



@article{
duce80a,
   Author = {Duce, R.  {A}. and Unni, C.  {K}. and Ray, B.  {J}. and Prospero, J.  {M}. and Merrill, J.  {T}.},
   Title = {Long-range atmospheric transport of soil dust from {Asia} to the tropical North {Pacific}:  {T}emporal variability},
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 Year = {1980} }



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duce91a,
   Author = {Duce, R.  {A}. and Tindale, N.  {W}.},
   Title = {Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean},
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   Volume = {36},
   Number = {8},
   Pages = {1715--1726},
 Year = {1991} }



@article{
duda92a,
   Author = {Duda, T.  {F}. and Flatt{\'e}, S.  {M}. and Colosi, J.  {A}. and Cornuelle, B.  {D}. and Hildebrand, J.  {A}. and Hodgkiss, Jr.  {W}.  {S}. and Worcester, P.  {F}. and Howe, B.  {M}. and Mercer, J.  {A}. and Spindel, R.  {C}.},
   Title = {Measured wave-front fluctuations in 1000-km pulse propagation in the {Pacific} Ocean},
   Journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of {Americ}a},
   Volume = {92},
   Number = {2, Pt. 1},
   Pages = {939-955},
 Year = {1992} }



@article{
dufresne02a,
   Author = {Dufresne, J.  {L}. and Friedlingstein, P. and Berthelot, M. and Bopp, L. and Ciais, P. and Fairhead, L. and Le Treut, H. and Monfray, P.},
   Title = {On the magnitude of positive feedback between future climate change and the carbon cycle},
   Journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
   Volume = {29},
   Number = {10},
   Pages = {-},
   Note = {Times Cited: 2
Article
English
Cited References Count: 18
609dl},
   Abstract = {[1] We use an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model coupled to land and ocean carbon models to simulate the evolution of climate and atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ from 1860 to 2100.  {O}ur model reproduces the observed global mean temperature changes and the growth rate of atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ for the period 1860-2000.  {F}or the future, we simulate that the climate change due to {{CO}}$_2$ increase will reduce the land carbon uptake, leaving a larger fraction of anthropogenic {{CO}}$_2$ in the atmosphere.  {B}y 2100, we estimate that atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ will be 18% higher due to the climate change impact on the carbon cycle.  {S}uch a positive feedback has also been found by Cox et al. [2000].  {H}owever, the amplitude of our feedback is three times smaller than the one they simulated.  {W}e show that the partitioning between carbon stored in the living biomass or in the soil, and their respective sensitivity to increased {{CO}}$_2$ and climate change largely explain this discrepancy.},
 Keywords = {atmospheric o-2
{{CO}}$_2$
ecosystem
sinks
model
air},
   Year = {2002} }



@article{
dugdale67a,
   Author = {Dugdale, R.  {C}.},
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 Year = {1967} }



@article{
dukowicz94a,
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@misc{
dunne01a,
   Author = {Dunne, John P. and Gnanadesikan, Anand and Swathi, P. and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and Armstrong, Robert},
   Title = {Calibration and application of a size-based ecosystem model with a prognostic e-ratio},
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 Year = {2001} }




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dunne99a,
   Author = {Dunne, John P. and Murray, James W. and Aufdenkampe, Anthony K. and Blain, Stephane and Rodier, Martine},
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   Number = {3},
   Pages = {715--726},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
dushaw93a,
   Author = {Dushaw, Brian D. and Worcester, Peter F. and Cornuelle, Bruce D. and Howe, Bruce M.},
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   Volume = {23},
   Number = {12},
   Pages = {2650-2666},
 Year = {1993} }



@article{
dushaw93b,
   Author = {Dushaw, Brian D. and Worcester, Peter F. and Cornuelle, Bruce D.},
   Title = {On equations for the speed of sound in seawater},
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   Volume = {93},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {255-275},
 Year = {1993} }



@article{
dushaw99a,
   Author = {Dushaw, Brian D.},
   Title = {Inversion of multimegameter-range acoustic data for ocean temperature},
   Journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {215-223},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
dushaw99b,
   Author = {Dushaw, Brian D. and Howe, Bruce M. and Mercer, James A. and Spindel, Robert C. and group, the {ATOC}},
   Title = {Multimegameter-range acoustic data obtained by bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays for measurement of ocean temperature},
   Journal = {{IEEE} Journal of Oceanic Engineering},
   Volume = {24},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {202-214},
 Year = {1999} }



@article{
dutay02a,
   Author = {Dutay, J.-C. and Bullister, J.  {L}. and Doney, S.  {C}. and Orr, J.  {C}. and Najjar, R. and Caldeira, K. and Campin, J.-M. and Drange, H. and Follows, M. and Gao, Y. and Gruber, N. and Hecht, M.  {W}. and Ishida, A. and Joos, F. and Lindsay, K. and Madec, G. and Maier-Reimer, E. and Marshall, J.  {C}. and Matear, R.  {J}. and Monfray, P. and Mouchet, A. and Plattner, G.-K. and Sarmiento, J. and Schlitzer, R. and Slater, R. and Totterdell, I.  {J}. and Weirig, M.-F. and Yamanaka, Y. and Yool, A.},
   Title = {Evaluation of ocean model ventilation with {CFC}-11: comparison of 13 global ocean models},
   Journal = {Ocean Modelling},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {89--120},
 Year = {2002} }



@article{
eastman93a,
   Author = {Eastman, J.  {R}onald and Fulk, Michele},
   Title = {Long sequence time series evaluation using standardized principal components},
   Journal = {Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing},
   Volume = {59},
   Number = {6},
   Pages = {991-996},
 Year = {1993} }



@techreport{
ebbesmeyer91a,
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   Title = {1976 step in the {Pacific} climate:  {F}orty environmental changes between 1968-75 and 1977-1984},
   Institution = {Interagency Ecol.  {S}tud.  {P}rogram, Calif.  {D}ep. of Water Resources},
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ebertcurry92,
   Author = {Ebert, Elizabeth E. and Curry, Judith A.},
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   Number = {D4},
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 Year = {1992} }



@techreport{
ecmwf94a,
   Author = {{ECMWF}},
   Title = {The description of the {ECMWF}/{WRCP} level {III}-A global atmospheric data archives},
   Institution = {{Europ}ean Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts},
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 Year = {1994} }




@book{
efron93a,
   Author = {Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R.  {J}.},
   Title = {An introduction to the bootstrap},
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ellner95a,
   Author = {Ellner, Stephen and Turchin, Peter},
   Title = {Chaos in a noisy world:  {N}ew methods and evidence from time-series analysis},
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eltahir96a,
   Author = {Eltahir, Elfaith A.  {B}. and Gong, Cuiling},
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   Pages = {1030-1042},
 Year = {1996} }



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emerson01a,
   Author = {Emerson, Steven and Mecking, Sabine and Abell, Jeffrey},
   Title = {The biological pump in the subtropical North {Pacific} Ocean:  {N}utrient sources, Redfield ratios, and recent changes},
   Journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
   Volume = {15},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {535--554},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
emery76a,
   Author = {Emery, W.  {J}. and Magaard, L.},
   Title = {Baroclinic Rossby waves as inferred from temperature fluctuations in the eastern {Pacific}},
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   Volume = {34},
   Number = {3},
   Pages = {365-385},
 Year = {1976} }



@article{
emery76b,
   Author = {Emery, William J.},
   Title = {The role of vertical motion in the heat budget of the upper Northeastern {Pacific} ocean},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {6},
   Pages = {299-305},
 Year = {1976} }



@article{
emery84a,
   Author = {Emery, W.  {J}. and Lee, W.  {G}. and Magaard, L.},
   Title = {Geographic and seasonal distributions of Brunt-Väisälä frequency and Rossby radii in the north {Pacific} and north {Atlantic}},
   Journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
   Volume = {14},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {294-317},
 Year = {1984} }



@article{
enfield91a,
   Author = {Enfield, David B. and S., Luis Cid},
   Title = {Low-frequency changes in El Ni{\~n}o-Southern Oscillation},
   Journal = {Journal of Climate},
   Volume = {4},
   Pages = {1137-1146},
 Year = {1991} }



@article{
engelen01a,
   Author = {Engelen, Richard J. and Stephens, Graeme L. and Denning, A.  {S}cott},
   Title = {The effect of {{CO}}$_2$ variability on the retrieval of atmospheric temperatures},
   Journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
   Volume = {28},
   Number = {17},
   Pages = {3259--3262},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
engelen01b,
   Author = {Engelen, R.  {J}. and Denning, A.  {S}. and Gurney, K.  {R}. and Stephens, G.  {L}.},
   Title = {Global observations of the carbon budget 1.  {E}xpected satellite capabilities for emission spectroscopy in the {EOS} and {NPOESS} eras},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
   Volume = {106},
   Number = {D17},
   Pages = {20055-20068},
 Year = {2001} }



@article{
engelen02a,
   Author = {Engelen, R.  {J}. and Denning, A.  {S}. and Gurney, K.  {R}.},
   Title = {On error estimation in atmospheric {{CO}}$_2$ inversions},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
   Volume = {107},
   Number = {D22},
   Pages = {-},
 Year = {2002} }



@techreport{
enting00a,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {Characterising the temporal variability of the global carbon cycle},
   Institution = {{CSIRO} Australia},
   Number = {40},
   Type = {{CSIRO} Atmospheric Research Technical Paper},
   Month= {2000},
 Year = {2000} }




@article{
enting02a,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {An empirical characterisation of signal versus noise in {{CO}}$_2$ data},
   Journal = {Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
   Volume = {54},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {301-306},
 Year = {2002} }



@book{
enting02b,
   Author = {Enting, Ian G.},
   Title = {Inverse Problems in Atmospheric Constituent Transport},
   Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
   Address = {Cambridge},
 Year = {2002} }




@article{
enting03a,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}. and Guttmann, A.  {J}.},
   Title = {Susceptibility amplitudes for the three- and four-state Potts models},
   Journal = {Physica a-Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications},
   Volume = {321},
   Number = {1-2},
   Pages = {90-107},
 Year = {2003} }



@article{
enting84a,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}. and Pittock, A.  {B}. and Pearman, G.  {I}.},
   Title = {Solar, Volcanic and {{CO}}$_2$ Forcing of Recent Climatic Changes - Comment},
   Journal = {Climatic Change},
   Volume = {6},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {397-405},
 Year = {1984} }



@article{
enting85a,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}. and Mansbridge, J.  {V}.},
   Title = {The Effective Age of Bubbles in Polar Ice},
   Journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics},
   Volume = {123},
   Number = {5},
   Pages = {777-790},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
enting85b,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {A Classification of Some Inverse Problems in Geochemical Modeling},
   Journal = {Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {4-5},
   Pages = {216-229},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
enting85c,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {Green-Functions and Response Functions in Geochemical Modeling},
   Journal = {Pure and Applied Geophysics},
   Volume = {123},
   Number = {2},
   Pages = {328-343},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
enting85d,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {A Lattice Statistics Model for the Age Distribution of Air Bubbles in Polar Ice},
   Journal = {Nature},
   Volume = {315},
   Number = {6021},
   Pages = {654-655},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
enting85e,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {Principles of Constrained Inversion in the Calibration of Carbon-Cycle Models},
   Journal = {Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology},
   Volume = {37},
   Number = {1},
   Pages = {7-27},
 Year = {1985} }



@article{
enting86a,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {Lattice Models of Aspects of Firn Closure .1.  {P}ercolation on the Interstices of the Bcc Lattice},
   Journal = {Journal of Physics a-Mathematical and General},
   Volume = {19},
   Number = {14},
   Pages = {2841-2854},
 Year = {1986} }



@article{
enting86b,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}.},
   Title = {Potential Problems with the Use of Least-Squares Spline Fits to Filter {{CO}}$_2$ Data},
   Journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres},
   Volume = {91},
   Number = {D6},
   Pages = {6668-6670},
 Year = {1986} }



@article{
enting87a,
   Author = {Enting, I.  {G}. and Mansbridge, J.  {V}.},
   Title = {Inversion Relations for the Deconvolution of {{CO}}$_2$ Data from Ice Cores},
   Journal = {Inverse Problems},
   Volume = {3},
   Number = {4},
   Pages = {L63-L69},
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   Abstract = {As part of the {JGOFS} field program, extensive {